spanish inquisition ap euro

AP Euro Renaissance Test (1) Flashcards | Quizlet Its main differentiation characteristic was that, as opposed to both civil trials and other inquisitions, it had very strict regulations regarding when, what, to whom, how many times, for how long and under what supervision it could be applied. But the Inquisition was reconstituted when Ferdinand VII recovered the throne on 1 July 1814. [146], Possibly as a result of Llorente's criticisms, the Inquisition was once again temporarily abolished during the three-year Liberal interlude known as the Trienio liberal, but still the old system had not yet had its last gasp. Finally, trials were often further complicated by the attempts of witnesses or victims to add further charges, especially witchcraft. Prez, Joseph (2006). Through the Spanish Inquisition, Isabella and Ferdinand created a personal police force and personal code of law that rested above the structure of their respective realms without altering or mixing them, and could operate freely in both. The commissioners, on the other hand, were members of the religious orders who collaborated occasionally with the Holy Office. Omissions? This influential work describes the Spanish Inquisition as "an engine of immense power, constantly applied for the furtherance of obscurantism, the repression of thought, the exclusion of foreign ideas and the obstruction of progress. In 1485, an Inquisitor died after being poisoned, and another Inquisitor was stabbed to death in a church. Familiares were lay collaborators of the Inquisition, who had to be permanently at the service of the Holy Office. The works of Juderias in (1913) and other Spanish scholars prior to him were mostly ignored by international scholarship until 1960. All forms of heretic Christianity (Protestants, Orthodox, blaspheming Catholics, etc.) Thus, for example, Diderot's Encyclopedia entered Spain thanks to special licenses granted by the king. The Spanish Inquisition had jurisdiction only over Christians. As one manifestation of the Counter-Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition worked actively to impede the diffusion of heretical ideas in Spain by producing "Indexes" of prohibited books. Madrid: Akal, 1997. The Alhambra Decree that had expelled the Jews was formally rescinded on 16 December 1968 by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, after the Second Vatican Council rejected the idea that Jews are deicides. "The Truth about the Spanish Inquisition." Madrid: Siruela, 2017. The accused would then be handed over to civil authorities for the carrying out of the sentence. During the 18th century, the Inquisition changed: Enlightenment ideas were the closest threat that had to be fought. This number includes 6 executions given by Henningsen and Contreras for the period 16201670 (Henningsen, Archivo General de las Indias, Seville, Santa Fe 228, Expediente 63, Archivo General de las Indias, Seville, Santa Fe 228, Expediente 81A, n.33. 13 terms. In general heresy and falsifications of material documents were treated similarly by the Spanish Inquisition, indicating that they may have been thought of as equivalent actions.[30]. Adolescents were generally punished more leniently than adults, but only when they were very young (under c. 12 years) or when the case clearly concerned rape did they have a chance to avoid punishment altogether. After Isabellas death in 1504, Ferdinand promoted Cardinal Gonzalo Ximenes de Cisneros, the head of the Spanish Catholic Church, to Inquisitor General. Philip II also renewed hostilities against the Moors, who revolted and found themselves either killed or sold into slavery. The list of banned books was not, as interpreted sometimes, a list of evil books but a list of books that lay people were very likely to misinterpret. The Inquisitor General, in charge of the Holy Office, was designated by the crown. [186] They published Yitzhak Baer's History of the Jews in Christian Spain, Cecil Roth's History of the Marranos and, after World War II, the work of Haim Beinart, who for the first time published trial transcripts of cases involving conversos. Castile refused steadily, trusting in its prominent position in Europe and its military power to keep the Pope's interventionism in check. Its main function was that of private police for the Crown with jurisdiction to enforce the law in those crimes that took place in the private sphere of life. [101][30], The non-religious crimes processed by the Inquisition accounted for a considerable percentage of its total investigations and are often hard to separate in the statistics, even when documentation is available. He was also known as l'minence rouge, or "the Red Eminence", a term derived from the title "Eminence" applied to cardinals, and the red robes they customarily wore. [156][157] These indicate that the Inquisition was most active in the period between 1480 and 1530 and that during this period the percentage condemned to death was much more significant than in the years that followed. As the Inquisition had the backing of both kingdoms, it would exist independent of both the nobility and local interests of either kingdom. Ferdinand and Isabella feared that even trusted Conversos were secretly practicing their old religion; the royal couple was also afraid of angering Christian subjects who demanded a harder line against ConversosChristian support was crucial in an upcoming crusade against Muslims planned in Granada. Papal Inquisition. Thomas F. Madden. Crisis (October de 2003). This attitude was also not new. Madrid. After the Hundred Years War and the Great Schism, nobility and clergy members no longer had the ability to block the power of growing monarchies. inquisition, a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. 1326 Published by: Penn State University Press. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Spain and Portugal ruled jointly by the Spanish crown, https://www.history.com/topics/religion/inquisition. Wealth confiscated in one year of persecution in the small town of Guadaloupe paid the costs of building a royal residence. A literal transcription of the verdict and sentence. Navarra conceded in the 13th century and Portugal by the end of the 14th, though its 'Roman Inquisition' was famously inactive. The Spanish kingdom was unified with the marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella I, and the Inquisition served to consolidate power in the monarchy. Head of the Spanish Inquisition. According to the book A History of the Jewish People,[44]. Other hypotheses that circulate regarding the Spanish Inquisition's creation include: Fray Alonso de Ojeda, a Dominican friar from Seville, convinced Queen Isabella of the existence of Crypto-Judaism among Andalusian conversos[39] during her stay in Seville between 1477 and 1478. In 1556, Philip II ascended the Spanish throne. Only a handful of the more principal persons of the Jewish community, those who had found refuge among the viceroys in the outlying towns and districts, managed to escape. Period 1: Renaissance, Reformation, and Exploration (1450-1648) In AP European History, period 1 spans from 1450 to 1648 CE. [53], The most intense period of persecution of conversos lasted until 1530. Subsequent Indexes were published in 1559, 1583, 1612, 1632, and 1640. Was the Reconquista a crusade? In the case of men, the penalty was two hundred lashes and five to ten years of "service to the Crown". And King Ferdinand himself was said to have remote Jewish ancestry on his mother's side.[7]. Each witness or expert is introduced by complete name, job, relationship to the victim if any, and relationship to the case. Spain - Medieval Inquisition and Statutes of Limpieza | Britannica Making counterfeit currency and heretic proselytism were also treated similarly; both of them were punished by death and subdivided in similar ways since both were "spreading falsifications". Castile itself had an unofficial rabbi. [182][183], The context of Hispano America, that Green refers to often, was different from the Iberian context studied for many of those authors, due to the distance from the immediate executive power of the King, and deserves to be examined separately. Four burned between 1553 and 1558 (W. Monter, Two persons condemned to death in 1678 were burned in the. In 1478 Pope Sixtus IV issued a bull authorizing the Catholic Monarchs to name inquisitors who would address the issue. That the situation was open to abuse is evident, as stands out in the memorandum that a converso from Toledo directed to Charles I: Your Majesty must provide, before all else, that the expenses of the Holy Office do not come from the properties of the condemned, because if that is the case if they do not burn they do not eat. Although Spain had been a melting pot of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim people, it became a Christian nation under their control. Crisis (october de 2003). For the purpose of clarity, in this article converso will be taken to mean one who has sincerely renounced Judaism or Islam and embraced Catholicism. In their lifetime, the Catholic Monarchs had problems with Pope Paul II, a very strong proponent of absolute authority for the church over the kings. In that note, accusations or prosecutions due to beliefs held by enemy countries must be seen as political accusations regarding political treason more than as religious ones. The lack of separation of powers allows assuming questionable fairness for certain scenarios. For example, crusaders attacking Jewish or Muslim subjects of the King of Aragon while on their way to fight in the reconquest were punished with death by hanging. Expressions of Morisco culture were forbidden by Philip II in 1566, and within three years, persecution by the Inquisition gave way to open warfare between the Moriscos and the Spanish crown. Origins Precedents. Anti-Jewish stereotypes created to justify or prompt the expulsion and expropriation of the European Jews were also applied to Spaniards in most European courts, and the idea of them being "greedy, gold-thirsty, cruel and violent" due to the "Jewish and Moorish blood" was prevalent in Europe before America was discovered by Europeans. The Inquisition also expanded to other European countries, resulting in the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition. In 1483, Jews were expelled from all of Andalusia. The auto-da-f eventually became a baroque spectacle, with staging meticulously calculated to cause the greatest effect among the spectators. It introduced by the Spanish crown to all countries to prevent Protestantism (new religion) . 59 terms. Maltby, "The Black Legend in England" (Duke historical publications), 1750, Brian Catlos "Secundum suam zunam": Muslims in the Laws of the Aragonese "Reconquista", Mediterranean Studies Vol. "The Inquisition was not born out of the desire to crush diversity or oppress people; it was rather an attempt to stop unjust executions. Among the non-Spanish authors prohibited were Ovid, Dante, Rabelais, Ariosto, Machiavelli, Erasmus, Jean Bodin, Valentine Naibod and Thomas More (known in Spain as Toms Moro). The presence of highly symbolical and high-quality literature on the list was so explained. There was no major war between Spain and any Orthodox nation, so there was no reason to do so. Once the process concluded, the inquisidores met with a representative of the bishop and with the consultores (consultants), experts in theology or Canon Law (but not necessarily clergy themselves), which was called the consulta de fe (faith consultation/religion check). In practice many were detained in preventive custody, and many cases of lengthy incarcerations occurred, lasting up to two years before the calificadores examined the case. All Rights Reserved. In Aragn, the Inquisitorial courts were focused specifically on members of the powerful converso minority, ending their influence in the Aragonese administration. What was the Reconquista? The Moriscos were driven from Granada in 1571, and by 1614 some 300,000 had been expelled from Spain entirely. Despite popular belief, the role of the Inquisition as a mainly religious institution, or religious in nature at all, is contested at best. During the same period, the church also pursued the Waldensians in Germany and Northern Italy. [citation needed]. The Spanish crown now had in its possession a weapon too precious to give up, however, and the efforts of the pope to limit the powers of the Inquisition were without avail. So, the Inquisition would have been created as a permanent body to prevent the existence of citizens with religious sympathies with African nations now that rivalry with them had been deemed unavoidable.[33]. [155], The archives of the Suprema only provide information about processes prior to 1560. The Middle Ages History Pope Lucius III declared the first inquisition in 1184, nearly 300 years before the creation of the Spanish Inquisition, and the use of torture was authorized for inquisitors in 1252. Both Guicciardini and Machiavelli defended the importance of centralization and unification to create a strong state capable of repelling foreign invasions, and also warned of the dangers of excessive social uniformity to the creativity and innovation of a nation. [28], According to this view, the prosecution of heretics would be secondary, or simply not considered different, from the prosecution of conspirators, traitors, or groups of any kind who planned to resist royal authority. Nevertheless, some authors consider that the toll may have been higher, keeping in mind the data provided by Dedieu and Garca Crcel for the tribunals of Toledo and Valencia, respectively, and estimate between 3,000 and 5,000 were executed. At the time, royal authority rested on divine right and on oaths of loyalty held before God, so the connection between religious deviation and political disloyalty would appear obvious. Although initially the public autos did not have any special solemnity nor sought a large attendance of spectators, with time they became solemn ceremonies, celebrated with large public crowds, amidst a festive atmosphere. [1] The Inquisition, however, since the creation of the American courts, never had jurisdiction over the Indians. Bernard Gui wrote the influential guidebook for Inquisitors called Conduct of the Inquisition into Heretical Depravity in the early 14th Century. The response from the tribunal, paraphrased, which could be to dictate the sentence, but often was to require either further clarification from the witness (restarting the procedure from the second step) or call for another type of proof (restarting the procedure from the sixth step). Torquemada quickly established procedures for the Inquisition. Conversosnot without oppositionmanaged to attain high positions in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, at times becoming severe detractors of Judaism. Contreras, Jaime y Gustav Henningsen (1986). The Inquisition was also a major tool in the. Up to the 14th century, the census and wedding records show an absolute lack of concern with avoiding intermarriage or blood mixture.
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