what caused the six day war

Long Term Causes; Immediate Drift; Arab Threats Against Israel; War. United Nations Secretary-General U Thant also went to Cairo to help negotiate an agreement to avoid conflict. The Cold War participants were also somewhat involved in the war, with the United States supporting Israel and the Soviet Union supporting the Arab states. [202], General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji, the commander of the Sinai front in 1967, wrote that the failed union with Syria and the debacle in Yemen forced Nasser to find an outlet for his failures, which he found through the 1967 war. The atmosphere in the spring of 1967 convinced Nasser that the time was ripe to flex his muscles. By 1967, world Jewry was rolling along in a fools paradise. There is no room for imperialism and there is no room for Britain in our country, just as there is no room for Israel within the Arab nation." There were a number of pitched battles. No longer was he to emphasize the Straits issue; he was instructed to inform the highest authorities of this new threat and to request an official statement from the United States that an attack on Israel would be viewed as an attack on the United States." Syria invaded Israel on June 5, but that was repulsed by Israeli forces, and Operation Focus destroyed Syria's ability to launch another offensive. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 1967 Six-Day War ends The Six-Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbors ends with a United Nations-brokered cease-fire. Arab-Israeli tension was rising in the years just prior to 1967. On Monday morning, June 5, 1967, the war began. [28][29] In defense of the Israeli actions historian Michael Oren said that "[t]here is an element of truth to Dayan's claim", but that Israeli actions were justified, as "Israel regarded the de-militarized zones in the north as part of their sovereign territory". Israeli national defence policy came to see any mass deployment of Egyptian forces on its border as unacceptable, and believed new rules had been set in place. In May 1967, Hafez al-Assad, then Syria's Defense Minister declared: "Our forces are now entirely ready not only to repulse the aggression, but to initiate the act of liberation itself, and to explode the Zionist presence in the Arab homeland. The cable said that Israel had learned of an imminent Egyptian attack, which overshadowed the blockade. Quigley, John, "Palestine and Israel: A challenge to justice", 1990, Duke University Press, p. 161. In May 1967, following misinformation about Israeli intentions provided by the Soviet Union, Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers who had been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since the Suez conflict,[1] and announced a blockade of Israel's access to the Red Sea (international waters) via the Straits of Tiran, which Israel considered an act of war. In the summer and autumn of 1966 the PLO carried out several guerrilla attacks that caused death and injury to Israeli civilians and military personnel. In 1956, this distrust broke out in the Suez Crisis, which ended with a stalemate between Egypt and Israel. The Egyptian Front; The Jordanian Front; The Syrian Front; Cease-fires; Immediate Aftermath. Israels Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, realizing the immense military challenge that would be caused by an Arab attack, told his cabinet: God help us through if they hit us first. Chief of Staff Yitzkhak Rabin had a nervous breakdown, which for a short time kept him from his duties. [25][26] Nasser declared the Straits closed to Israeli shipping on May 2223. But it is the The Six Day War Unfortunately, the agreement was vague and open to heavy interpretation. But nothing happened. Eban said, "From May the 24th onward, the question who started the war or who fired the first shot became momentously irrelevant. Talks failed as President Nasser kept the straits closed and Israel refused to accept the UN troops on its side of the border.[164]. One was on Ammunition Hill, which had been a British ammunition fortress protecting East Jerusalem where the Jordanians had set up extensive bunkers and defenses. On June 1, Israel formed a National Unity Government, and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war. Origins of the Six-Day War - Wikipedia [125], Before UNEF could be deployed in 1956 negotiations were necessary with the compliant host country, Egypt, Israel having refused to host the peacekeepers. When we spoke of the war in the General Staff, we talked of the political ramifications if we didn't go to war what would happen to Israel in the next 25 years. Long Term Causes; Immediate Drift; Arab Threats Against Israel; War. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008). Long Term Causes | The Six-Day War But it has already accepted the possibility, even the likelihood, of war, as if it had lost control of the situation."[172]. All of Nasser's plans were based on an assumption the Israelis would strike first.[163]. The politicians formed a national unity government. Combined Arab nations massed troops to attack Israel. About 500 Arab planes were destroyed at the loss of less than 40 for the Israelis. The 48th Infantry Battalion of the Jordanian Army ran into the Israeli forces northwest of Samu; and two companies approaching from the northeast were intercepted by the Israelis, while a platoon of Jordanians armed with two 106mm recoilless guns entered Samu. "[133], Jacques Roux, France's ambassador in Cairo, gave Maurice Couve de Murville, the French foreign minister, an assessment that Egypt was making its moves in reaction to accusations that Egypt was not living up to its obligations to other Arab states. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2004). At 2:30a.m. on May 27, Soviet Ambassador to Egypt Dimitri Pojidaev knocked on Nasser's door and read him a personal letter from Kosygin in which he said, "We don't want Egypt to be blamed for starting a war in the Middle East. Long Term Causes; Immediate Drift; Arab Threats Against Israel; War. In response, Israel began raiding border villages in Syria, as well as Jordan and Lebanon, and leaders prepared plans to overthrow the Syrian government. It had begun decades earlier, driven by the ongoing refusal by Israels neighbors to accept Jewish sovereignty in the Middle East. According to Mutawi, Hussein was caught on the horns of a galling dilemma: allow Jordan to be dragged into war and face the brunt of the Israeli response, or remain neutral and risk full-scale insurrection among his own people. "[169], At the end of May 1967, Jordanian forces were given to the command of an Egyptian general, Abdul Munim Riad. Only six days after troop movements had begun, did Israel learn of the presence of an Egyptian force, numbering around 500 tanks, on its undefended southern border. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The Soviet Union supplied most of the weapons used by Arab armies, including the entire Egyptian air force. As a result, over 10,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed in less than two days. In April 1967, Syria shot at an Israeli tractor ploughing in the demilitarized zone -which Syria considered an ongoing practice of Israeli encroachment on contested land. [132] Egypt volunteered that if Israel were concerned about an Egyptian invasion, it could accept UNEF on its own side of the armistice line. "As the Shock Wears Off; Arab World, Appraising Its Defeat, is Split as it Gropes for Strategy", 1347 Security Council MEETING: 5 June 1967, Developments in the Middle East Peace Process 19912000, The three soldiers - background to that photograph, Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline, Video Clip: Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day War, Video Clip: Analysis of Israel's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian, Video Clip: Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence, All State Department documents related to the crisis, The status of Jerusalem, UNITED NATIONS, New York, 1997 (Prepared for, and under the guidance of, the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People), "Legal Aspects The Six Day War: June 1967 and Its Aftermath", Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces, How the USSR Planned to Destroy Israel in 1967, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command, Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre, Wave of violence in the IsraeliPalestinian conflict, UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194, UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242, IsraeliLebanese maritime border dispute agreement, 19471948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, United States involvement in regime change, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War&oldid=1144859385, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from January 2014, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, Articles with disputed statements from February 2014, Articles with disputed statements from January 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, "In 1967, Egypt ordered the UN troops out and blocked Israeli shipping routes adding to already high levels of tension between Israel and its neighbours." Segev, Samuel (1967). In 1964 and 1965, Arab presidents and kings met in Cairo, Egypt, to discuss possible military action against Israel. These restrictions not only harmed the nascent Jewish state, but were considered aviolationof the 1949armistice resolutionsigned by Egypt and Israel, the Constantinople Convention of 1888, Security CouncilResolution 95, and, in the words of historian Howard Sachar, international legal precedents for gulfs and bays flanked by the territories of more than one littoral state (A History of Israel, 456). [165], During May and June the Israeli government had worked hard to keep Jordan out of any war; it was concerned about being attacked on multiple fronts, and did not want to have to deal with the Jordanian West Bank. At the end of 1948, Israel's Arab neighbours had invaded to try to destroy the new state, and failed. The commander of the Israeli paratroop battalion, Colonel Yoav Shaham, was killed and 10 other Israeli soldiers were wounded.[61][62]. According to Szabo, many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self-defense. the Six How did the war affect the region and how did the world react? [20] On April 7, 1967 Israel invaded Syria. For the sake of complete security of all UN troops which install OPs along our borders, I request that you issue your orders to withdraw all these troops immediately." Israel refused. Schiff, Zeev, History of the Israeli Army, Straight Arrow Books (1974) p. 145. Six By June 8, Israel had captured the strategic positions of the West Bank, and Jordan's forces retreated across the Jordan River. In a lecture given in 2002, Oren said, "Johnson sat around with his advisors and said, What if their intelligence sources are better than ours? Johnson decided to fire off a Hotline message to his counterpart in the Kremlin, Alexei Kosygin, in which he said, "We've heard from the Israelis, but we can't corroborate it, that your proxies in the Middle East, the Egyptians, plan to launch an attack against Israel in the next 48 hours. This was not true, but the Soviets believed that Egypt would easily defeat Israel in a war, thus securing Soviet interests in the region. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. On May 30, Nasser responded to Johnson's request of 11 days earlier and agreed to send his Vice President, Zakkariya Muhieddin, to Washington on June 7 to explore a diplomatic settlement in "precisely the opening the White House had sought". This pressure only got worse after the king's perceived weakness in the face of Israeli counter-terrorism raids into Jordanian territory. [70], Some view the Samu attack as the beginning of the escalation in tensions that led to the war,[71] with others going further to describe it as the first step in the prelude to war. Yom Kippur War of 1973 Overview & Effects | What was the Yom Kippur War? This ahistoricaldescription is foundall too often in the U.S. media, but even more pervasively in the European setting. Six-Day War Never of survival today. [23][24] Israel reiterated declarations made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war, or justification for war. In Jordan, the Hashemite King of Jordan, Hussein bin Talal, was under increasing pressure from his Palestinian subjects to take a harsher stance toward Israel. WebThe Six Day War had its origins in disputes between Israel and Egypt over the rights of Israeli shipping to pass through the Suez Canal and the Red Sea. "[93] On April 21, 1967 as in May 1966. the Soviet deputy foreign minister, Yaakov Malik, relayed an oral message to the Israeli ambassador in Moscow: "The government of the Soviet Union sees the need to warn again the government of Israel that the hazardous policy it has been waging for several years is fraught with danger, and [Israel] will be held solely responsible.[94]. At 15:19 Syrian shells started falling on Kibbutz Gadot; over 300 landed within the kibbutz compound in 40 minutes. This put Arab forces just 17 kilometers from Israel's coast, a jump-off point from which a well-coordinated tank assault would likely cut Israel in two within half an hour. If you launch that attack, we cannot support you. Causes and Consequences | The Six-Day War A whole new viewpoint of Israel opened in the world. "a Middle East crisis erupted on May 16, 1967, when Nasser expelled the UN troops that had policed the Sinai since the end of the Suez-Sinai War in 1957." "[195], Menachem Begin also stated that "The Egyptian army concentrations in the Sinai approaches did not prove that Nasser was really about to attack us. They also convinced him that the world would do nothing diplomatically. [73] From the Golan Heights, Syrians had shelled Israeli settlements and other targets,[74][75] such as fishermen in the Sea of Galilee,[76] drawing punitive responsive strikes from Israel. [154] According to declassified documents from the Johnson Presidential Library, President Johnson and other top officials in the administration did not believe war between Israel and its neighbors was necessary or inevitable. The Road to the Six Day War: Towards an Enumerative History of Four Arab States and Israel, 196567. Most sources simply say "November". Israeli leadership was hesitant to invade Syria because the Syrian forces were embedded in the Golan Heights, a plateau that would have forced Israeli forces to fight uphill. The UNEF commander was given the order to begin withdrawal on May 19. Egypt, however, viewed the crisis as a great success. On Tuesday night and Wednesday morning, Israeli paratroopers captured the hill, despite experiencing terrible casualties in the process. Ten years later, Egypt again shut down the canal following the Six-Day War in June 1967. Less than a month later, Israel launched a surprise strike which began the Six-Day War . Ben-Gurion, David (1999). WebThe Six Day War had its origins in disputes between Israel and Egypt over the rights of Israeli shipping to pass through the Suez Canal and the Red Sea. On 1 June, Israel formed a National Unity Government by widening its cabinet, and on 4 June the decision was made to go to war. In addition, a dispute over farming rights along the Syrian border resulted in a number of Israeli-Syrian skirmishes on land and in the air. By June 8, Israel had captured the entire Sinai Peninsula, and Egypt had retreated beyond the Suez Canal. WebTension escalated, with both sides' armies mobilising. [158] Amer consulted his sources in the Kremlin, and they corroborated the substance of Kosygin's message. Israeli forces repulsed the Jordanian attacks and launched an offensive into East Jerusalem. aircraft took off from Israel and swooped west over the Mediterranean before converging on Egypt from Pollack, Kenneth, Arabs at war: military effectiveness 1948-1991, University of Nebraska Press (2002), p. 290. Military observers said such an offensive would fall short of all-out war but would be mounted to deliver a telling blow against the Syrian government.' The Egyptian army crossed the Suez Canal with great fanfare and in extremely large numbers. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. After the war, the Soviet Union reluctantly replenished most of Egypt's lost military equipment. WebLong Term Causes. [27] They were later reinforced by an Egyptian contingent. Sino-Soviet Split War & History | What Caused the Sino-Soviet Split? In 1965 he asserted, "We shall not enter Palestine with its soil covered in sand, we shall enter it with its soil saturated in blood. At the end of 1948, Israel's Arab neighbours had invaded to try to destroy the new state, and failed. [28][29] However, as recalled by UN military forces officers such as Odd Bull and Carl von Horn, Israelis gradually took over portions of the zone, evicting Arab villagers and demolishing their homes; these actions incurred protests from the UN Security Council. After the 1956 war, Egypt agreed to reopen the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, whose closure had been a significant catalyst in precipitating the Suez Crisis. The peace accord at the end of the 1948 war had established demilitarized zones (DMZs) between Israel and Syria. The Governments of India and Yugoslavia decided to withdraw their troops from UNEF, regardless of the decision of U Thant. At this point the critical departure from previous incidents occurred. The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel. Instead, Israel's commanders based their thought on the 1948 war and, especially, their 1956 triumph over the Egyptians in which, from then Chief of Staff Dayan down, they had gained their spurs. Againin 1967, in the run up to the Six-Day War, Israels existence seemed to hangin the balance. This principle was clearly stated by the General Assembly in adopting resolution 1001 (ES-I) of 7 November 1956 concerning the establishment of UNEF. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Egypt blockaded the Suez Canal and the Straits of Tiran to shipping destined for Israel. its origins in disputes between Israel and Egypt over the rights of Israeli shipping to pass through the Suez This war has had huge consequences for the future of the Middle East. As Jordans King Hussein admitted before the United Nations General Assembly shortly after the war, Todays war is not a new war but part of the old war, which he said would continue until Arab demands were met (Associated Press, Lighting Out of Israel, 156). The southeastern Zaporizhzhia region has come under attack once again, with one person killed and six injured. Causes The U.S. further views that Jordan and Syria only entered the war as a response to Israel's invasion of Egypt. In the war itself 15 members of the remaining force were killed and the rest evacuated through Israel. WebPrecursors to War. The Israelis sustained about 700 dead and 2,000 wounded, but the radiance of victory overshadowed the personal tragedy involved. On the morning of May 27, Egypt demanded that the Canadian contingent be evacuated within 48 hours "on grounds of the attitude adopted by the Government of Canada in connection with UNEF and the United Arab Republic Government's request for its withdrawal, and to prevent any probable reaction from the people of the United Arab Republic against the Canadian Forces in UNEF." The withdrawal of the Canadian contingent was accelerated and completed on May 31, with the effect that UNEF was left without its logistics and air support components. As far back as 1929, when Arab rioters attacked Jewish communities in Palestine and massacred their inhabitants, the civil and human rights of Jews had been under violent attack. Each side had multiple reasons for the war. However, in May Nasser received reports from his Russian advisors that the time to start a war with Israel was propitious. [170] On the same day, Nasser proclaimed: "The armies of Egypt, Jordan and Syria are poised on the borders of Israel to face the challenge, while standing behind us are the armies of Iraq, Algeria, Kuwait, Sudan and the whole Arab nation. Nasser tried to do what Hitler did, when he brazenly entered other territories or countries and waited to see if there were any repercussions. Israel would always be protected, it assumed; the world would protect it. An attack would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran, but it would certainly cost Israel heavy losses of men and matriel, and doubted if Israel had sufficient war supply for a few weeks war. It wasnt until 1956 after Israel, France and the United Kingdom invaded and then quickly withdrew from Egypts Sinai peninsula that passage through the Straits of Tiran (but not the Suez Canal) was opened to Israeli shipping. [121] U Thant then attempted to negotiate with the Egyptian government, but on May 18 the Egyptian Foreign Minister informed nations with troops in UNEF that the UNEF mission in Egypt and the Gaza Strip had been terminated and that they must leave immediately. During the war, Israel gained four notable territories; the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. "[46], Even after nearly two decades of its existence, no neighboring Arab country of Israel was willing to negotiate a peace agreement with Israel or accept its existence. WebThe 6 Day War in 1967 was a major turning point. [203], Yitzhak Rabin, who served as the Chief of the General Staff for Israel during the war stated: "I do not believe that Nasser wanted war. [43], The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) attacked the diversion works in Syria in March, May, and August 1965, perpetuating a prolonged chain of border violence that linked directly to the events leading to war. The Six-Day War that erupted in 1967 may have created a new Middle East, but the broader Arab-Israeli conflict to which the war belonged was anything but new. WebThe 6 Day War in 1967 was a major turning point. [21] The USSR urged that the collective defense agreement with Egypt had been triggered. In 1948 it became anexistential issue,withsix Arab armies attacking the newly independent Israel in an attempt to wipe the state off the map. On June 9, the UN brokered an armistice that effectively ended Egypt's involvement in the war. But in case of a large-scale Israeli attack against its neighbors, el-Feki said, Egypt would come to their aid.
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