what role did the pope play in the risorgimento?

He won a Pulitzer for his earlier book "The Pope And Mussolini," and that was about Pius XI and Mussolini. So the pope doesn't stay that popular for long, and they're not literally singing his praises for very long. [88], The hearing before a panel of six judges on 16 April 1860 was attended by neither the Mortara family nor Feletti the former because they were in Turin and learned of the trial date only two days beforehand, and the latter because he refused to recognise the new authorities' right to put him on trial. [82] Carboni then travelled to San Giovanni in Persiceto to interrogate Morisi, who gave her age as 23 rather than the actual 26. Answer: D. He opposed it as being anti-religious. "[45] Liberals, Protestants and Jews across the continent ridiculed the Catholic press reports. Edgardo's full name is variously recorded as Edgardo Levi Mortara, which he is on record as stating himself in adulthood. [78] Filippo Curletti, the new director-general of police for Romagna, was put in charge of the investigation. [20] If true, this would make the child a Catholic in the eyes of the Church a fact with secular as well as spiritual ramifications since the stance of the Church was that children who they considered to be Christians could not be raised by non-Christians, and should be removed from their parents in such circumstances. This piece will argue that the character of the Renaissance was shaped by the Pope's in Rome. After the trial he was made prior of a convent in Rome, where he remained until his death at the age of 84 in 1881. My father was actually a rabbi. And it was based on a recently published book by a very prominent Italian Catholic journalist, someone who has written a couple of books together with popes, which represents itself as the actual memoirs of Edgardo Mortara himself, his own story of what had happened to him. Father Pio Edgardo Mortara resided at Bouhay for the rest of his life and died there on 11March 1940, at the age of 88, just 3 months before the Nazis, who would have persecuted him as a Jew, captured Belgium. [103] Edgardo thereafter attempted to re-establish connections with his family, but not all of his relatives were as receptive to him as his mother. In November 1848, a revolution began in the Papal State. Yet what actually ends up happening is the Bavarian ambassador takes him in his carriage and takes him not to France, not to Spain but south to the kingdom of Naples ruled over by the so-called Bomb King, King Ferdinand II. [94] A separate plan was formulated by Carl Blumenthal, an English Jew serving in Giuseppe Garibaldi's nationalist volunteer corps: Blumenthal and three others would dress up as clergymen, seize Edgardo and spirit him away. Pope and most poets/authors of the time wrote with reason over feelings and were typically written in rhymes and heroic couplets. And they were languishing in a fetid, overcrowded zone on the river of the Tiber River, which at the time was yellow with pollution. What had happened is there had been a shift in 1850 - so after he has gone into exile, after the Roman Revolution, after the French troops finally return him to power in 1850, he actually doesn't want to go back to his former palace, the Quirinal Palace, which he's identified with these ungrateful citizens and with unpleasant memories. KERTZER: No, she - turns out that, from church doctrine, you, first of all, don't need to be a priest. "[87] The next day Feletti and De Dominicis, the latter of whom had fled to the rump Papal States, were formally charged with the "violent separation of the boy Edgardo Mortara from his own Jewish family". [66] Mortara's abduction was widely condemned in the French press[67] and weakened support for the papacy. And it wasn't always clear which way he would go - whether he would go with those more liberal or progressive elements or stick with those who thought the medieval vision of the church had to remain unchanging. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. The same year Marianna travelled to Perpignan in south-western France, where she had heard Edgardo was preaching, and enjoyed an emotional reunion with her son, who was pleased to see her, but disappointed when she refused his pleas to convert to Catholicism. He won a Pulitzer for his book about the secret relationship between Pope Pius XI and Mussolini. And the - they were also taught that if a child died without having been baptized, the child would not go to heaven. GROSS: So it was Pope Pius XI in 1929 during the beginning of Mussolini's power in Italy. He won a Pulitzer Prize for his book "The Pope And Mussolini.". He was a pope who wanted to be loved. And he was being buffeted. And a few days after that, he together with the chief rabbi of Rome conducted the first service in the Great Synagogue of Rome after liberation. Edgardo refuted this: "I have always ardently desired that my mother embrace the Catholic faith," he wrote in a letter to Le Temps, "and I tried many times to get her to do so. Let's take a short break here, and then we'll talk some more. He had been found guilty of murdering her by the Florentine court of appeal, but then acquitted by the court of assizes. They were told that, yes, there is a way you can be reunited with your child. At this point, the papal troops are all disarmed, and the civic guard that ironically the Pope had set up earlier turn against him and essentially make him a prisoner in his own palace. This article was most recently revised and updated by, The 15th century to the French Revolution. So there'd always be a certain popular interest in attending the executions by guillotine or by other means in the center of Rome of people found guilty of major crimes. Who seized it? And then later after the war, my father became the first director of interreligious affairs for the American Jewish Committee. [59] In Britain, The Spectator presented the Mortara case as evidence that the Papal States had "the worst government in the world the most insolvent and the most arrogant, the cruelest and the meanest". However, that never happened". When Curletti ordered him to hand over all files relating to the Mortara case, Feletti said that they had been burned when asked when or how, he repeated that on Holy Office matters he could say nothing. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like what leadership roles did the pope play in medieval Europe?, What were a lords duties to his knights, What were a knights duties to his lord and more. Lucidi entered the apartment and removed Edgardo from his father's arms, prompting the two policemen who had guarded him to shed tears. This means the papacy plays a significant role in how Christianity is perceived globally. And he called it to shore up his position. [71][67] A strong advocate of conversion of the Jews, Eardley believed that the affair would slow down that process. The inquisitor heard a rumor that a 6-year-old child in a Jewish family had, years earlier, been secretly baptized by a Christian teenage illiterate servant girl. The Mortaras tracked them to a church in Alatri, where from the door Momolo saw a priest saying Mass and Edgardo by his side assisting him. In fact, you may cost me my kingdom. Marianna's brother Angelo Padovani tested Scagliarini by saying falsely that he had heard it was Morisi who had baptised Edgardo. In 1858 in Bologna, which was the second-largest city after Rome of the Papal States, the inquisitor - and there was still an inquisition back in the mid-19th century. It was said that he could give sermons in six languages, including Basque, and read three more, including Hebrew. GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. All rights reserved. Who is Camillo di Cavour? KERTZER: Pius IX certainly incarnated that idea. Suspicious of the Papacy, he did not support the Neo-Guelph program which dreamed that the pope would play a leading role in the unification movement. [32] Momolo followed the police down the stairs to the street, then fainted. On very rare occasions the Pope is the main exponent of the infallible understanding of faith [=inerrancy] that is carried . [31][d], Lucidi offered to let Edgardo's father accompany them to the inquisitor to discuss the matter with him Momolo refused then allowed Momolo to send his eldest son Riccardo to summon relatives and neighbours. And so when the parents weren't looking - well, she first went to the local store and asked the more literate person there how one baptizes. [36], The attempts of the Mortaras and their allies to identify who was supposed to have baptised Edgardo quickly bore fruit. That Pope was Pope John XXIII, hero of the liberals of the Church. Points earned on this question: 5 and more. The roots of the schism lay in the intervention of the French monarchs into the affairs of the Papacy, that eventually led to successive Popes living in Avignon, in Southern France. GROSS: So he has - he escapes. After their present servant Anna Facchini adamantly denied any involvement, they considered former employees and soon earmarked Morisi as a possible candidate. "[95] When the delegation from Rome's Jewish community attended their annual meeting at the Vatican in January1861, they were surprised to find the nineyear-old Edgardo at the pontiff's side. In fact, his prime minister was murdered in the middle of Rome not far from his own palace and within a few minutes of having visited the pope himself. [39], The central theme in almost all renditions of the narrative favouring the Mortara family was that of Marianna Mortara's health. But the relationship between the two men deteriorated, and in 1809 the Papal States were annexed once again and Pius was taken prisoner. Most recently - I published a piece recently in The Atlantic, which exposed the fact that this so-called authentic memoir of Edgardo Mortara, which was recently published in English version by a Catholic press in the United States, systematically changed the original manuscript that Edgardo Mortara wrote to craft the story to be more in harmony with the desired narrative of these conservatives. [46] He left Scazzocchio to represent the family's cause in Rome. Montefiore gave him the Board of Deputies' petition to pass on to the Pope, and said that he would wait in the city a week for the pontiff's reply. It was their Roman Catholicism that 99 percent had in common. Rome and its patrimony remained separate only because they were protected by French troops, who eventually withdrew in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War. But we'll have to see. The historian David Kertzer suggests that by the 1850s "what had once appeared so solid a product of the divine order of things now seemed terribly fragile". Risorgimento, meaning "resurrection," was the term used as early as the 1840s to describe the aspirations to Italian independence that would finally be achieved between 1859 and 1870. A rebellion against him by Italian nationalists sent him into exile. What role did the pope play in the risorgimento? KERTZER: Well, one of the curious things about this story is he lets out a different word to different - the people who are helping his escape as to where he's going. Question 8(Multiple Choice Worth 5 points) (06.05 MC) What role did the Pius VII (180023) sought peace with France and even presided over Napoleons imperial coronation in 1804. [3] After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the other main Italian states were the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the west, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the south, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (governed from Piedmont on the mainland by King Victor Emmanuel II). The popes up until that point had palaces. The capture of Rome by the Italian Army brought an . [41] The powerful image of the heartbroken mother was stressed heavily in the family's appeals both to the public and to Edgardo himself. GROSS: Why is this story back in the news? 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Pope and the role of the papacy The Pope is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome. "[69], The Italian Jewish appeals brought the attention of Sir Moses Montefiore, the president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, whose willingness to travel great distances to help his co-religionists as he had over the Damascus blood libel of 1840, for example was already well known. I don't remember what I told her, but when the Mortara boy was kidnapped by order of the Dominican Father, I was sure that he must have been the one who was sick. So the Italy - many people seem to think Italy was around for many, many years, but Italy is actually a relatively recent creation of the mid-19th century. You describe him as the pope king. [103] By this time he had settled at the abbey of the Canons Regular at Bouhay in Lige, Belgium. Carboni looked into her background and found that she was described as spending a lot of time at church, which he thought might indicate an upright character who could be trusted, but the police reports soon turned up the revelation that Bussolari was "a. Momolo had testified that Morisi had left his employment after "some words with my wife", but that "there weren't any bad feelings of a sort that would reasonably lead to any fear of a vendetta". The statesman Marco Minghetti dismissed a proposed compromise whereby Rome would become part of the kingdom with the Pope retaining some special powers, saying: "We cannot go to guard the Mortara boy for the Pope. [111] The Alliance Isralite Universelle, whose formation had been partly motivated by the Mortara case, grew into one of the most prominent Jewish organisations in the world and endures into the 21st century. [22] The official Church position was that Catholics should not baptise Jewish children without the parents' consent, except if a child was on the brink of death in these cases the Church considered the customary deferment to parental authority to be outweighed by the importance of allowing the child's soul to be saved and go to Heaven, and permitted baptism without the parents' assent. ", Agostini attested that as soon as six-year-old Edgardo entered the church, "thanks to the Heavenly wonders, there was an instantaneous change. So he, in fact, at that point in 1850, moves into the Vatican, which then becomes the center of the papacy. [77], Momolo Mortara spent late 1859 and January 1860 in Paris and London, trying to rally support. Feletti had Morisi swear to keep the story quiet and sent a transcript of the meeting to Rome, requesting permission to remove the now six-year-old Edgardo from his family. GROSS: And he also wrote that Catholics were bound to reject the view that the pope can and should reconcile himself to progress, liberalism and modern civilizations. [88] The prosecutor Radamisto Valentini, a lawyer fighting his first major case, declared that Feletti had ordered the removal alone and on his own initiative, and then turned his focus to Carboni's second point of how the authorities in Rome could have possibly concluded that Morisi's story was genuine. And film critic Justin Chang will review "Zama," an 18th century epic about colonialism and the New World. After a year, Pio Edgardo Mortara was ordained as a priest with special dispensation as at 21 he was technically too young. [21] Cases like this were not uncommon in 19th-century Italy, and often revolved around the baptism of a Jewish child by a Christian servant. DAVID KERTZER: The Pope Pius IX became pope at a time of revolutionary ferment in Europe, when the old ideas of autocracy were being questioned, when demands for constitutional rights were being heard. They were in the Quirinal Palace, this huge - makes the White House look tiny - this huge complex in the - on top of one of the hills of Rome in the center of Rome. [71] From August to December 1858 he headed a special British committee on Mortara that relayed reports from Piedmont to British newspapers and Catholic clergymen, and noted the support expressed by British Protestants, particularly the Evangelical Alliance led by Sir Culling Eardley. Pius also instituted the doctrine of papal infallibility. Despite some administrative improvements by the papal government, the territories remained in an economically backward condition throughout the century. Get Access . GROSS: And you saw that in your study of Pope Pius IX? "[100] When Riccardo said that he was his brother, Edgardo replied: "Before you get any closer to me, take off that assassin's uniform. [110] Mortara himself suggested in 1893 that his abduction had been, for a time, "more famous than that of the Sabine Women". Leaving the country, he was ordained in France three years later at the age of 21. Edgardo covered his eyes, raised his hand in front of him and shouted: "Get back, Satan! The council met in Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City for four periods (or sessions), each lasting between 8 and 12 weeks, in the autumn of each of the four years 1962 to 1965. And at that point, the people turned against him. Did she do it herself or have a priest come in? Pulitzer Prize-winning author David Kertzer says his exile led to the emergence of modern Italy. Several historians highlight the affair as one of the most significant events in Pius IX's papacy, and they juxtapose his handling of it in 1858 with the loss of most of his territory a year later. [47][i] Momolo shifted his priority to attempting to undermine Morisi's credibility, either by disproving aspects of her story or by showing her to be untrustworthy. According to Edgardo's memoirs, the pontiff regularly spent time with him and played with him; the Pope would amuse the child by hiding him under his cloak and calling out: "Where's the boy? He warned that it would benefit no-one to make a scene when the carabinieri returned that evening. [52], The pro-Church accounts, by contrast, described a boy very much resolved to stay where he was, and horrified by his mother's exhortations to return to the Judaism of his ancestors. [2], The Jews of the Papal States, numbering 15,000 or so in 1858,[5] were grateful to Pope Pius IX because he had ended the long-standing legal obligation for them to attend sermons in church four times a year, based on that week's Torah portion and aimed at their conversion to Christianity. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy.He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland . From July 1858 onwards it was reported across Europe that as a result of her grief, Edgardo's mother had practically if not actually gone insane, and might even die. I'm Terry Gross. [76] Bologna was promptly incorporated as part of the province of Romagna. [17] She had come to the city, following her three sisters, to work and save money towards a dowry so she could eventually marry. I'm Terry Gross back with David Kertzer, who's written extensively about the history of the Catholic Church. [32] At about 20:00 the carabinieri arrived, in two carriages one for Lucidi and his men, and another in which Agostini would drive Edgardo. Voting resulted in the acceptance of Victor Emmanuel II as the first king of a united Italy in 1861. The pope finds himself having very few defenders, certainly not among his people, none of whom rose in his defense. Kertzer is a professor at Brown University. KERTZER: Right. [48] When Momolo visited his shop in early October, Lepori vehemently denied that he had ever spoken to Morisi about Edgardo or any baptism, and said that he was prepared to testify to this effect before any legal authority. [65] Those angered included Emperor NapoleonIII of France, who found the situation particularly vexing as the pontifical government owed its very existence to the French garrison in Rome. [83] She repeated her account of giving Edgardo an emergency baptism at the instigation of the grocer Lepori and later telling the story to a neighbour's servant called Regina, adding that she had also told her sisters about the baptism. During the reign of Alexander VI (14921503), the revival of the Papal States was subordinated to family ambition; the pope actively supported the efforts of his son, Cesare Borgia, to create his own principality in central Italy. the most talented opponent of the Risorgimento. [31] The inquisitor received Padovani and Marianna's brother-in-law Angelo Moscato at San Domenico soon after 23:00. KERTZER: Yeah, the encyclical is "Quanta Cura," and probably most importantly and best known about it is along with that encyclical came what was called as the "Syllabus Of Errors." Italy - French Revolution, Risorgimento, and Jacobinism [92] The interval between the priest's arrest and his trial, coupled with the swift progress being made towards Italian unification, meant that the Mortara case had lost much of its prominence, so there was little protest against the decision.
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