climate change adaptation

This results in increased economic, political and social disruption. [8]:172. [42]:2428 Weather variability is an important contributor to declines in agricultural incomes and employment. Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability. This is a participatory approach which combines historical climate data and forecasts with farmers local contextual knowledge. Agriculture is already the largest consumer of water in semi-arid regions. Guidance has been developed that outline these general stages of an adaptation process, such as the EU Adaptation Support Tool. Plant-based options have much lower energy and water requirements. As of December2020[update], the promised $100 billion per year had not been fully delivered. The IPCC says adaptation to climate change means "adjusting our behaviour (eg, where we choose to live; the way we plan our cities and settlements) and adapting our infrastructure (eg, greening of urban areas for water storage)". Other examples are breeding more resilient crops and selecting genetically modified crops. [6] Adaptation planning is also now found in subnational government, sectors and cities. Ito, W. Kiessling, P. Martinetto, E. Ojea, M.-F. Racault, B. Rost, and M. Skern-Mauritzen, 2022: Ciss, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. [48]:953954 Land use zoning controls are central to investment in urban development. [155][156], Trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation may occur when climate-relevant actions point in different directions. Vegetation corridors, greenspace, wetlands and other green infrastructure can also reduce heat risks. It evaluates the relative benefits and costs of different measures to reduce these risks. They also encourage the adoption of resilient building codes to mitigate potential damages. The European Investment Bank has said that it will raise the share it contributes to 75% for projects focusing on climate adaptation. International Sea Level Satellite Spots Early Signs of El Nio. Global risks like climate change are having major impacts everywhere. Public transport has lower greenhouse gas emissions per kilometer travelled than cars. CLIMATE ADAPTATION is the process of adjusting to avoid the expected or actual consequences of climate change. Insurance and livelihood diversification increase resilience and decrease vulnerability. Structural and physical adaptation (including engineering and built environment, technological, ecosystem-based, services); 2. Migration, including seasonal migration, counts as behavioural climate adaptation. One example is the SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur. Adaptation is often needed in non-market sectors or is focused on. NASA's role is to make climate data available to the global community, including the public, policy-, and decision-makers, and scientific and planning agencies. Measures to promote sustainable development often overlap with those for adaptive capacity. Vanishing Corals: NASA Data Helps Track Coral Reefs, Do small particles in the air (aerosols) have a warming or cooling effect on the climate? The faster the climate changes, the more difficult it will be. Lansigan, B. Osman-Elasha, and A. Villamizar, 2014: Bezner Kerr, R., T. Hasegawa, R. Lasco, I. Bhatt, D. Deryng, A. Farrell, H. Gurney-Smith, H. Ju, S. Lluch-Cota, F. Meza, G. Nelson, H. Neufeldt, and P. Thornton, 2022: Lea Berrang-Ford, James D. Ford, Jaclyn Paterson. [7]:12 According to the IPCC, climate change vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements, including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt. [7] It is important to close gaps between adaptation that is carried out and the needs relative to today's climate in order to reduce risks to a tolerable level. [50] Where there are failures in the private insurance market, the public sector can subsidize premiums. They also include infrastructure to respond to changed rainfall patterns in agriculture. The construction of the Confederation Bridge in Canada at a higher elevation takes into account the effect of future sea-level rise on ship clearance under the bridge. Extended drought can cause the failure of small and marginal farms. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022: Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. These impacts cover its effects on lives, livelihoods, health and well-being, ecosystems and species, economic, social and cultural assets, and infrastructure. Institutional adaptation (economic organizations, laws and regulation, government policies and programmes). It includes the abilities to reorganise and learn. We can also group options is in three categories: 1. Climate change contributes to disaster risk. Climate change is one of the most complex issues facing us today. Check out the 2022 plans. Access to reinsurance may make cities more resilient. Measures to increase adaptive capacity, such as social protection and promoting women's empowerment, can help people with little power in migration decisions. [142], From 2010 to 2020, Denmark increased its global warming adaptation aid by one third, from 0.09% of GDP to 0.12% of GDP. Behavioural adaptation is a change in the strategies, practices and actions that help to reduce risk. [113]:957 Based on development trends in 2001, scientists have found that few developing countries would have the capacity to efficiently adapt to climate change. This includes $2 billion committed since fall 2022. In 2021, EPA released its US EPA's Climate Adaptation Plan: October 2021 (pdf) (2.31 MB, October 2021, 231-R-210-01) in response to Executive Order (E.O.) [8]:134. These have contributed to drier soil conditions, lower groundwater tables and reduced or changed flows of rivers. [30]:7 This definition is similar to that of climate change adaptation. Evidence from Africa shows that development interventions could do more", "Transformational adaptation when incremental adaptations to climate change are insufficient", "It's Time to Invest in Climate Adaptation", "The Politics of Climate Change Adaptation", Guidelines on developing adaptation strategies, Adaptation Gap Report 2022: Too Little, Too Slow Climate adaptation failure puts world at risk, "Nearly half of cities lack plans to keep populations safe from climate threats", "Urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (SDG 13): transforming agriculture and food systems", "The Varsity: Quantifying the climate crisis: how changes could impact road maintenance", "The Guardian: Benefits to farmers of global heating outweighed by losses, says report", The Global Goal for Adaptation under the Paris Agreement: Putting ideas into action, "Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021", "Population growth, environmental degradation and climate change", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), History of climate change policy and politics, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, Adaptation strategies on the German coast, Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation&oldid=1162347724, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2023, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, "In human systems, as the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects in order to moderate harm or take advantage of beneficial opportunities. Relatively few use current migration data. Planned adaptation is sometimes distinguished from autonomous adaptation. The human rights framing suggests developing protection frameworks for migrants. Falling water tables and the resulting increase in energy to pump water will make irrigation more expensive. Our modern life is tailored to that stable climate and not the much warmer climate of the next thousand-plus years. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. [127]:719 Since then, an extensive research literature has emerged. [54], Coordination helps achieve goals shared by a range of people or organizations. From insect-borne diseases to seasonal allergies and superbugs, climate change is quite literally getting under our skin, affecting our health in often surprising ways. Climate Adaptation Plans | US EPA Climate Change Adaptation and USDA The final pair of NASAs TROPICS satellites, which will study tropical cyclones, are in orbit after successfully launching at 3:46 p.m. NZST Friday, May 26 (11:46 p.m. EDT Thursday, May 25), completing the constellation. [58], Climate change-related risks to health include direct risks from extreme weather such as cold waves, storms, or prolonged high temperatures. Carbon dioxide, the heat-trapping greenhouse gas that is the primary driver of recent global warming, lingers in the atmosphere for many thousands of years, and the planet (especially the ocean) takes a while to respond to warming. [71], A 2020 study projects that regions inhabited by one third of the human population could become as hot as the hottest parts of the Sahara within 50 years. They include shifting the timing of sowing and harvesting according to the start of the rainy season. [36][37] They aim to fulfil a well-specified need. The National Adaptation Plan (NAPs) process was established under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF) and enables Parties to formulate and implement national adaptation plans (NAPs) to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, by building adaptive capacity and resilience and to facilitate the integration of climate change . Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development and Equity". NASA is a world leader in climate studies and Earth science. In some areas there are also risks of glacial lake outburst floods. This is often the case when broad assessments of the costs and benefits of adaptation are examined at smaller scales. Other examples are nature-based solutions such as bioswales or other vegetated infrastructure and restoration and/or protection of mangroves along coastlines. Canada unveils new climate adaptation strategy with more than $1-billion commitment. In this way, protection of the mangrove ecosystem can be a form of adaptation. For instance, restoration of natural fire regimes makes catastrophic fires less likely and reduces the human exposure to this hazard. On the other hand, it may increase the urban heat island effect, leading to higher temperatures and increasing exposure, making adaptation more challenging. Unpacking Climate Change Response Strategies", "Food security threatened by sea-level rise", "Costs and coasts: an empirical assessment of physical and institutional climate adaptation pathways", "Hard and soft paths for climate change adaptation", "Coastal cities face rising risk of flood losses, study says", "Future flood losses in major coastal cities", "The macroeconomic effects of adapting to high-end sea-level rise via protection and migration", "Climate change: More than 3bn could live in extreme heat by 2070", "Future of the human climate niche Supplementary Materials", "Trade-offs and conflicts between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review", "What can cities do to survive extreme heat? [157], Climate adaptation planning aims to manage the level of risks of negative impacts. The provision of green spaces and tree planting creates shade for livestock. Climate change threatens to exacerbate or stall progress on fixing some of these problems, and creates new ones. [100] But there are other ways of looking at migration and environmental change. Scientists Use NASA Satellite Data to Determine Belize Coral Reef Risk, surpassed 400 parts per million for the first time in human history, sinks that accumulate and store these gases, 2014 report on Mitigation of Climate Change, Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, one of the worlds experts in climate science, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), and the ICESat-2 missions, Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich and the Jason series of missions, NASA Spinoff (Technology Transfer Program), Reducing emissions of and stabilizing the levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, Adapting to the climate change already in the pipeline, Responding to climate change involves two possible approaches: reducing and stabilizing the levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Thus, climate change adaptation to sea level rise is inevitable. It is able to benefit from synergies from among the actions and reduce trade-offs. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. (Eds.) [2]:2434 Some have begun to adapt to threats intensified by climate change, such as flooding, bushfires, heatwaves, and rising sea levels. [42]:2428, Nature-based solutions (NBS) work with nature and ecosystems to provide benefits to both societies and overall biodiversity. February 5, 2021 Why Global Citizens Should Care Countries have to invest in climate adaptation and action to avert severe environmental impacts. New York City produced a comprehensive report for its Rebuilding and Resiliency initiative after Hurricane Sandy. The WEAP (Water Evaluation And Planning system) assists water resources researchers and planners in assessing impacts of and adaptations to climate change. [56], Individuals and households play a central role in adaptation. In 2022, EPA programs and regions published adaptation implementation plans. Daniel Bailey Tirado, 2022: Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Species and populations can relocate or genetically adapt. 14008: Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad. Changes in total seasonal precipitation or its pattern of variability are both important. The climate transition, which consists of rapidly reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, is the best weapon to deal with climate change. So they can help prevent flooding. [110]:660 Agriculture is likely to be affected by changes in water availability, putting food security at risk. Furthermore, climate change is occurring on a global scale. Neufeldt, H., Sanchez Martinez, G., Olhoff, A., Knudsen, C. M. S., & Dorkenoo, K. E. J. Planning is also more inclusive. These include the restoration of over 12 million acres (5 million hectares) of degraded land in Nigeria; the planting of roughly 30 million acres of drought-resistant trees across Senegal; and the restoration of 37 million acres of land in Ethiopia. It is possible to adapt food systems to improve food security and prevent negative impacts from climate change in the future. [58]:290 Wildfires and increased pest infestations due to climate change caused much of the recent tree mortality in North America. [1] Two NASA Studies Find Lower Methane Emissions in Los Angeles Region. [39]:814 For example, index-based insurance is a new product which triggers payment when weather indices such as precipitation or temperature cross a threshold. US-German Satellites Show California Water Gains After Record Winter. [29] These activities can include: Improving access to resources, reducing poverty, lowering inequities of resources and wealth among groups, improving education and information, improving infrastructure, improving institutional capacity and efficiency, and promoting local indigenous practices, knowledge, and experiences. Population growth and land use change will influence human health and productivity risks in cities. The goal is to reduce our risks from the harmful effects of climate change (like sea-level rise, more intense extreme weather events, or food insecurity). It is on track to increase to 2.5 to 2.9C (4.5 to 5.2F) by the end of the century. But many other factors influence migration decisions. [8]:145146 Exposure refers to the presence of people, livelihoods, ecosystems and other assets in places that could suffer negative effects. They can also serve as an important measure to reduce risks in a particular sector. [7]:20[8] :130, Monitoring and evaluation of adaptation is crucial to ensure that adaptation action is proceeding as planned. These can include protecting homes from flooding, protecting crops from drought, and adopting different income-earning activities. These include vector control through improved housing and better sanitation conditions through WASH services. This could be infrastructure for irrigation. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-023-01712-6. [48]:994 A survey of 812 global cities found that 93% reported they are at risk from climate change, 43% did not have an adaptation plan in 2021, and 41% of cities had not carried out a climate risk and vulnerability assessment. These are disproportionately more exposed to hazards such as temperature extremes and droughts. How to take adaptive capacity seriously. It needs to take into account new and existing national policies, sectoral policies and budgets. As a result migration has increased, particularly rural to urban movement. By 2018 only 15% of it had been carried out. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. It can also take place by the sea as coastal flooding. One of the most important projects is the Great Green Wall that aims to stop the southward expansion of the Sahara desert. [99]:10791081, Many discussions around migration are based on projections. For food-borne diseases it includes food processing and storage. [158], As of 2022, adaptation efforts have focused more on adaptation planning than on implementation. It includes making buildings less prone to flooding. Tree maintenance led to the refilling of groundwater wells with drinking water, additional food supplies for rural towns, and new sources of work and income for villagers. Synergies include the benefits of public transport for both mitigation and adaptation. [99]:1112 Mental health also benefits from broader activities such as design of healthy natural spaces, education and cultural activities. and is They are normally voluntary and economically motivated. Increase in climate finance not connected to ODA. This addresses challenges such as poverty, malnutrition, food insecurity,[141] availability of drinking water, indebtedness, illiteracy, unemployment, local resource conflicts, and lower technological development. What's the difference between climate change mitigation and adaptation [48]:994, Climate change is affecting the overall and seasonal availability of water across regions. [20]:88 The IPCC defines climate change vulnerability as "the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected" by climate change.
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