functional foods can act like drugs and can cause:

Can food be medicine? Pros and cons - Medical News Today It is precursors for vitamin A and it converted to retinol in the body [144]. [231] showed administration of B. longum and lactulose caused an increase in activity of glutathione transferase enzymes (inactivating enzyme of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Ewaschuk JB, Walker JW, Diaz H, Madsen KL. Lycopene-induced delay in development by the G1 and S phases has also been documented in other human cancer cell lines (leukemia and cancers of endometrium, lung and prostate) [85]. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Semba R, Dagnelie G. Are lutein and zeaxanthin conditionally essential nutrients for eye health? In animal studies, Citrus unshiu segment membrane (CUSM) containing -cryptoxanthin and fiber prevents colitis and obesity-related colon tumorigenesis [149,151]. Functional Foods in Cancer Prevention and Therapy Stahl W, Junghans A, de Boer B, Driomina ES, Briviba K, Sies H. Carotenoid mixtures protect multilamellar liposomes against oxidative damage: synergistic effects of lycopene and lutein. Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk: evidence from human population studies. Inhibition of sarcoma-180 cell-induced mouse ascites cancer by astaxanthin-containing egg yolks. Virus infection and human cancer: an overview. This inhibitory impact is content dependent and does not represent a general cytotoxic response. [130] reported an increase in breast cancer in peoples receiving lower levels of -cryptoxanthin. Potischman N, McCulloch CE, Byers T. Breast cancer and dietary and plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin A. Torun M, Yardim S, Gonenc A. Serum beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and malondialdehyde levels in several types of cancer. In other studies, dietary supplementing with astaxanthin prevented the growth of transplanted Meth-A tumor cells in a dose-dependent fashion in BALB/c mices [62]. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer. In this relation Burns and Rowland [229] in rats showed change in enzyme function and metabolite content lowered preneoplastic lesions such as aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumors in carcinogen-treated. The -tocopherol, Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. Canthaxanthin in aqua feed applications: is there any risk? Yeh et al. Functional foods are similar in appearance to conventional foods; the former being consumed as part of the normal diet. Lutein and zeaxanthin have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer by 53% [97]. Dietary lutein but not astaxanthin or -carotene increases pim-1 gene expression in murine lymphocytes. Park JS, Chew BP, Wong TS, Zhang JX, Magnuson NS. In another study, Rautalahti et al. Fucoxanthin-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cell HL-60 cells triggered Bcl-xL signaling pathway in HL-60 cells. Expansion of cancer care and control in countries of low and middle income: a call to action. Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. Lutein belong to xanthophyll family. Li Y, Ahmed F, Ali S, Philip PA, Kucuk O, Sarkar FH. Hou Z, Lambert JD, Chin KV, Yang CS. Astaxanthin: a novel potential treatment for oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. (Phytoestrogens may inhibit breast cancer [237], prostate cancer [238] endometrial cancer, thyroid cancer [239], skin cancer [240] and colorectal cancer [241]. Ziegler RG, Mayne ST, Swanson CA. [243] concluded that genistein is an efficient isoflavonoid that causes apoptotic signaling in a sequential manner in Hep3B cells. Kruger CL, Murphy M, DeFreitas Z, Pfannkuch F, Heimbach J. 1). Chyou PH, Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN. The Impact of Functional Food and Nutraceuticals in Health In a study, synbiotics improved composition of colonic bacterial ecosystem, reduced exposure of the epithelium to cytotoxins and genotoxins, and improved mucosa structure [227]. As mentioned before, lutein is an antioxidant and similar other antioxidants functional foods act against cancer. Lamontagne DS, Thiem VD, Huong VM, Tang Y, Neuzil KM. Summary Functional foods are foods that offer health benefits beyond their nutritional value. -carotene in combination with lutein quench peroxy radicals and show antioxidant features against oxidative damage in vitro [98,99]. Park JS, Chew BP, Wong TS. Kim HP, Mani I, Iversen L, Ziboh VA. The name lutein is derived from the Latin word for yellow (compare xanthophyll, vide supra). Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Laughlin R, Brasure JR, Swanson MK, Nemoto T, Graham S. Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients. Flaxseed is emerging as an important functional food ingredient because of its rich contents of -linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3 fatty acid), lignans, and fiber. Its well-known that born foods produced heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that they are carcinogen factor. [86] showed that the anti-proliferative effect of lycopene on human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) involves the activation of the PPAR-LXR-ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) pathway. Stahl W, Sies H. Lycopene: a biologically important carotenoid for humans? Holzbeierlein JM, McIntosh J, Thrasher JB. Carotenoid dose level and protection against UV-B induced skin tumors. Anti-pigmentary activity of fucoxanthin and its influence on skin mRNA expression of melanogenic molecules. Canthaxanthin is documented to be able to suppress the development of preneoplastic liver cell lesions caused by AFB1 in rats by the deviation of AFB1 metabolism towards detoxification pathways [59]. More than half of all cancer cases and deaths worldwide are consider being preventable. [14,15]. Voorrips LE, Brants HA, Kardinaal AF, Hiddink GJ, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Seem, astaxanthin help to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 down-regulations [57]. Farmer P, Frenk J, Knaul FM, Shulman LN, Alleyne G, Armstrong L, Atun R, Blayney D, Chen L, Feachem R, Gospodarowicz M, Gralow J, Gupta S, Langer A, Lob-Levyt J, Neal C, Mbewu A, Mired D, Piot P, Reddy KS, Sachs JD, Sarhan M, Seffrin JR. Some relatively recent studies showed reverse correlation between dietary fiber and the development of several types of cancers such as colorectal, small intestine, oral, larynx and breast [252-254]. Optimization of cholesterol removal by probiotics in the presence of prebiotics by using a response surface method. Synbiotics are combination of the both (pre and probiotic) and they contained beneficial bacteria that prompt benefit bacterial growth. The bottom line. Diet, alcohol, smoking and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: a prospective study among Hawaii Japanese men. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is shown in todays Western diets, encourage the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, while elevated levels of omega-3 PUFA (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert inhibitory impacts. Dietary organic isothiocyanates are cytotoxic in human breast cancer MCF-7 and mammary epithelial MCF-12A cell lines. The mechanisms of pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions - A In addition, there are other reports documenting the efficiency of -cryptoxanthin in preventing skin tumor formation in mice [76,154]. Tofu and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Depending on what is wrong, scientists can do one of several things in gene therapy: They can replace a gene that is missing or is causing a problem. Abstract In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Amir H, Karas M, Giat J, Danilenko M, Levy R, Yermiahu T, Levy J, Sharoni Y. Lycopene and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 cooperate in the inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of differentiation in HL-60 leukemic cells. On the basis of another study, dietary supplementing with omega 3 had reverse correlation with cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis [256]. Use of drug treatment for secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in urban and rural communities of China: China Kadoorie Biobank Study of 0.5 Million People. The molecular structure of fucoxanthin is presented in Figure 8. There are studies documenting that lutein is more effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and are themselves better protected against secondary oxidative breakdown when melatonin, glutathione, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate are present [93]. [124], the incidence of tumor-bearing mice in the positive control group was 69%, whereas those in the groups treated with -carotene was by 13%. Dietary lutein from marigold extract inhibits mammary tumor development in BALB/c mice. Gerber [261] reviewed prospective and case-control studies evaluating the possible protective impacts of the dietary consumption of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer development. [25] showed astaxanthin contains two keto groups on each ring structure when compared with other carotenoids, resulting in powerful antioxidant properties. Wu AH, Ziegler RG, Horn-Ross PL, Nomura AM, West DW, Kolonel LN, Rosenthal JF, Hoover RN, Pike MC. Implementation of timeline reforms speeds initiation of national cancer institute-sponsored trials. -Carotene and its oxidative metabolite, apo-14-carotenoic acid, are shown to invert the down-regulation of RAR by smoke-borne carcinogens in normal bronchial epithelial cells [125]. Functional foods: the Food and Drug Administration perspective Plasma xanthophyll carotenoids correlate inversely with indices of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Okuzumi J, Takahashi T, Yamane T, Kitao Y, Inagake M, Ohya K, Nishino H, Tanaka Y. Inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, on. On the basis of these studies, antioxidants can oppose cell damage and even the development of certain cancers by neutralizing free radicals [92]. Wang W, Connor SL, Johnson EJ, Klein ML, Hughes S, Connor WE. Dietary flavonoid intake and breast cancer risk among women on long Island. "Food as medicine" may be an emerging concept in the Western world, but many cultures around the globe have long recognized the role of diet in health. -carotene and astaxanthin inhibit mammary tumor cell growth and induce apoptosis in mice in vitro. McCarty MF. Kim JH, Kim YS, Song GG, Park JJ, Chang HI. Antioxidant activity of carotenoids: an electron-spin resonance study on -carotene and lutein interaction with free radicals generated in a chemical system. Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K. Low serum lycopene concentration is associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events and stroke: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The -cryptoxanthin is hydrocarbon carotenoid that is cyclized. [108] showed an inverse relation between dietary lutein consumption and colon cancer in men and women. Thus, the molecular mode of the role of -carotene may be mediated by retinoic acid by transcriptional activation of a series of genes with distinct anti-proliferative or pro-apoptotic activity, which access for the deletion of neoplastic and preneoplastic cells with irreparable alterations. The richest source of -carotene is carrots and carrot juice, with pumpkins and winter squash as a second densest source. From: Food Structures, Digestion and Health, 2014 Add to Mendeley Functional Foods Isoflavones also prevent 5areductase, an enzyme that metabolizes testosterone to dihydrotestosterone [298]. Modulatory effects of an algal extract containing astaxanthin on UVA-irradiated cells in culture. In general, this paper discusses nutraceutical/functional foods/food supplements (broadly including carotenoids fibers, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, phytochemicals etc. One way that health systems expand intervention coverage is through selected platforms that deliver interventions that require similar logistics but deliver interventions from different packages of conceptually related interventions, for example, against cardiovascular disease with reference to functional foods. In vitro and animal model systems indicated that they influence signal transduction pathways, stimulate apoptosis and prevent inflammation and proliferation in human cancer cell lines [294]. As mentioned earlier that the inflammation is an important factor for cancer. Liu CL, Chiu YT, Hu ML. Jayappriyan KR, Rajkumar R, Venkatakrishnan V, Nagaraj S, Rengasamy R. In vitro anticancer activity of natural -carotene from Dunaliella salina EU5891199 in PC-3 cells. This mechanism may help to decrease in colorectal cancer. China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million people: survey methods, baseline characteristics and long-term follow-up. As mentioned -carotene similar to -carotene is cleaved symmetrically at their central double bond by -carotene 15, 15-monooxygenase (CMO1), formerly called -carotene 15, 15-dioxygenase. [274] showed bark extract BNO 1455 its fractions prevent the cell growth and promote apoptosis in human colon and lung cancer cell lines irrespective of their COX-selectivity. Metabolism and physiology] . Beecher GR. Like many starchy . Murakami C, Takemura M, Sugiyama Y, Kamisuki S, Asahara H, Kawasaki M, Ishidoh T, Linn S, Yoshida S, Sugawara F, Yoshida H, Sakaguchi K, Mizushina Y. Vitamin A-related compounds, all-trans retinal and retinoic acids, selectively inhibit activities of mammalian replicative DNA polymerases. Mechanisms of action of isothiocyanates in cancer chemoprevention: an update. government site. There is another study showing fucoxanthin is able to selectively prevent mammalian DNA polymerase activities, especially replicative DNA polymerases (i.e., pol , and ), and thus has anti-neoplastic role [181]. Parvez S, Malik KA, Kang SA, Kim HY. 8600 Rockville Pike The many conjugated double bonds of lycopene make them potentially powerful antioxidants. On the basis of older studies, administration of the phenyl ethyl isothiocyanate 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene caused an inhibition in mammary carcinogenesis in rats [207]. Liu RH. Genistein induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinomas via interaction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial insult. The strongest synergistic impact was gained in the presence of lutein or lycopene [101]. There is a significant decrease in expression of connexins, including connexin43 in human tumors compared to normal tissue. The science behind lutein. In a skin tumorigenesis study done by Murakoshi et al. Yaping Z, Wenlia Y, Weile K, Ying Y. Antiinflammatory and anticoagulant activities of lycopene in mice. A small study published in January 2021 suggests that a GI tract infection can change the immune system so that it responds to certain foods as if they're a threat, like germs or viruses . The evaluation of cancer will indicate where cancer treatment is ineffective and wasteful, and offer alternative cancer care packages that are cost-effective and suited to low-resource settings. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. Another study suggested astaxanthin act by modulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B), COX-2, matrix etalloproteinases (MMP) 2/9, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-2 and protein kinase B (Akt) [58]. Although these retinal administrations are reversible [166] and show to have no adverse effects [164] their existence has enhanced caution regarding consumption of this carotenoid. In relation with colorectal cancer and isoflavonoids, Theodoratou et al. On the basis these studies fucoxanthin prevented the growth of LNCap prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, functional foods represent a continuum of items that include ingredients or natural constituents in conventional, fortified, enriched, and enhanced foods. Farmer et al. But also heart disease and obesity can contribute to the damage that causes kidneys to fail. The consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin was documented to supply protection against skin swelling (edema) and hyperplasia caused by UV exposure of the skin [96]. The -cryptoxanthin has found in oranges and orange juice, peaches, papayas, mangoes, watermelon, nectarines, fruit cocktail, plums, grapefruit, and black olives. Identification of potential protein targets of isothiocyanates by proteomics. These foods are similar in appearance to conventional foods; functional foods consumed as part of the normal diet. Also, certain products from plants are known to create apoptosis in malignant cells [288,289]. Carotenoids and cardiovascular health. [263] showed fish intake had no significant impact on the bladder cancer. Lycopene has biologic properties and profit effects in the therapy of different diseases [69]. Bioactive compounds present in functional food can act as antiinvasion and antimetastasis agents while also reversing drug resistance and enhancing the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Oxidants are a major contributor to aging. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. Lutein can be acting like anticarcinogenic as well. Anti-inflammatory activity associated with limiting activity of nitric oxide synthase and the production of prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) [42]. Goralczyk R, Wu A, Goukassian D. Occurrence of birefringent retinal inclusions in cynomolgus monkeys after high doses of canthaxanthin. Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G, Pool-Zobel BL. Kuno T, Tsukamoto T, Hara A. Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, Manno M, Gallinger S, Okey A, Harper P. Dietary phytoestrogen intake is associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk. 1. Cancer chemoprevention through the induction of apoptosis by natural compounds. Murakami K, Sasaki S, Okubo H, Takahashi Y, Hosoi Y, Itabashi M. Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and load, and body mass index: a cross-sectional study of 3931 Japanese women aged 18-20 years. Bragg FL, Smith M, Guo Y, Chen Y, Millwood I, Bian Z, Walters R, Chen J, Yang L, Collins R, Peto R, Lu Y, Yu B, Xie X, Lei Y, Luo G, Chen Z China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group. -carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Sharoni Y, Danilenko M, Walfisch S, Amir H, Nahum A, Ben-Dor A, Hirsch K, Khanin M, Steiner M, Agemy L, Zango G, Levy J. Due to the absence of P-ionone ring in the lycopene structure, it lacks provitamin-A activity [67]. Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids and retinol and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. An alternative excentric cleavage pathway was also showed [118,119] and confirmed by molecular identification of an excentric cleavage enzyme, -carotene 9, 10-monooxygenase (CMO2) in mice, humans, and zebrafish [120]. [273] showed strong and linear reverse relations of flavonoids intake with colorectal cancer risk. Fucoxanthin is found in Chromophyta (Heterokontophyta or Ochrophyta), including brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) and diatoms (Bacillariophyta) [170]. Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R. Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Astaxanthin is unique in sense that it does not only scavenge free radicals but also protect against oxidation and limit the production of free radicals. [173] has been shown fucoxanthin can induce apoptosis and increase the anti-proliferative impacts of the PPAR ligand, troglitazone, and prevent the growth of human colon cancer cells. Lutein has the formula as C40H56O2. One study showed combination of lycopene and -carotene reduced numbers and incidences of cancers [77]. Dietary lutein from marigold extract inhibits mammary tumor development in BALB/c mice. The -carotene is cleaved symmetrically at their central double bond by -carotene 15, 15-monooxygenase (CMO1), formerly called -carotene 15, 15-dioxygenase. Measurement of retinoids and carotenoids in breast adipose tissue and a comparison of concentrations in breast cancer cases and control subjects. Canthaxanthin has also proved effective at preventing both oral and colon carcinogenesis in rats [53,54]. Seem a combination of pro and prebiotics (synbiotics) have positive impacts on prevention of cancer pathogenesis. Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney disease. The number following omega- shows the position of the first double bond, counting from the terminal methyl group on the molecule. As mentioned before -carotene act as an antioxidant, but it shows prooxidant impacts at high content and especially at high oxygen tension [127,128] prooxidant impacts may help to explain the unexpected elevation in lung cancer deaths among smokers treated with -carotene [128,129]. Tanaka T, Sugiura H, Inaba R, Nishikawa A, Murakami A, Koshimizu K, Ohigashi H. Immunomodulatory action of citrus auraptene on macrophage functions and cytokine production of lymphocytes in female BALB/c mice. Inhibition of benzo (a) pyrene-induced mouse fore stomach neoplasia by astaxanthin containing egg yolks. On the basis of these studies, lycopene prevents the mitogenic function of IGF-1 in human cancer cells. The group of researchers showed canthaxanthin included P4501A1 and 1A2, and CYP1A1 and 1A2, which are involved in the metabolism of such potential carcinogens as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines and aflatoxin [59,162,165]. Seligson DB, Horvath S, Shi T, Yu H, Tze S, Grunstein M, Kurdistani SK. Shi J, Le Maguer M. Lycopene in tomatoes: chemical and physical properties affected by food processing. There is one study documenting the effects of -Cryptoxanthin on bone calcification through increasing alkaline phosphatase function and calcium concentration in rat femoral tissue and directly stimulating bone formation and preventing bone resorption [145]. In confirmation of this idea, Seligson et al. Nomura AM, Hankin JH, Henderson BE, Wilkens LR, Murphy SP, Pike MC, Le Marchand L, Stram DO, Monroe KR, Kolonel LN. Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts The omega-3 fatty acids are obtained from linolenic acid. Lutein is very good antioxidants in lens. 2 cells through activation of the Nrf2/ARE system partially by its pro-oxidant activity. Yamaguchi M, Uchiyama S. Effect of carotenoid on calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity in rat femoral tissues in vitro: the unique anabolic effect of beta-cryptoxanthin. There are many definitions for probiotics. Each individual will provide valuable, specific policy analyses on the full range of interventions, packages, and policies relevant to its health topic of functional food and cancers. Mangels AR, Choi J, Pothoulakis C. Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data. 1Otolaryngologist, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, 2MPH, Associated Professor, Department of Infectious Diseases, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, 3Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, 4Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran, 5Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, 6Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran. Prebiotics are non-digestible food compositions that may have positive impact by the improvement of the intestinal flora. [50]. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Symptoms, Causes, Treatments - WebMD Estrogen receptor signaling protects against immune suppression by UV radiation exposure. Glucosinolates found in high amount in cruciferous vegetables [188] but unfortunately its bioavailability is highly affected by food processing operations such as boiling or microwaving in high power [189]. Protective effect of astaxanthin on naproxeninduced gastric antral ulceration in rats. The molecular structure of -carotene is presented in Figure 4. [140] explained the -carotene obtained from D. salina microalga has anti-cancer activity. [206] treated human lungs cancer cells by radioactivity-labelled 14C-sulforaphane and 14C-phenethylisothiocyanate. Treatment usually involves the expensive and often traumatic use of drugs, surgery, and irradiation. Some other studies investigated effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in N-butyl-N (4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (OH-BBN)-induced mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis, [52] 4-NQO-induced rat oral carcinogenesis [53] and azoxymethane (AOM)-induced rat colon carcinogenesis [54]. Sweet potatoes. In one review article by Tanaka et al. Canthaxanthin is efficient in preventing both oral and colon carcinogenesis in rats [53,54]. Effects of tea polyphenols on signal transduction pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. Normark S, Nilsson C, Normark BH, Hornef MW. In recent years, numerous reports have been published describing bioactive peptides/hydrolysates produced from various food sources. Ziegler RG. The deficiency of neruotransmitters can drastically affect people's capability to learn and can cause unpredictable consequences. Most human studies establish a link between consumption of foods rich in RSV and the improvement in learning, memory, visual and spatial orientation and social behavior. On the basis of these studies, low levels of dietary lutein at 0.002 and 0.02% of the diet prevented mammary tumor incidence, growth and latency [109]. In these relations, Fink et al. This policy paper includes the need for implementation science research in low- and middle-income countries to guide effective cancer preventions and control in these settings. Astorg P. Food carotenoids and cancer prevention: an overview of current research. Gerber M. Omega-3 fatty acids and cancers: a systematic update review of epidemiological studies. Functional Medicine and Diabetes: How to Treat the Root Cause Phytochemicals divide to different groups such as carotenoids, carotenoid pigments, xanthine, lycopenes, astaxanthin and other phytochemicals.
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