pallava dynasty capital

The copper plate found at Udayendiram in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu tells us about his conquests and how he patronised the arts. Simhavishnu (575-600 AD) . The Pallava dynasty existed between the 3rd and 9th centuries CE, . It seems that Maravarman Kulasekhara wanted Vira Pandya to succeed him (who in turn was defeated by Sundara Pandya after a short period of time). One theory is that the word pandya is derived from the ancient Tamil word "pandu" meaning "old". [32] They claimed Pururavas and Nahusha as ancestors. The Pallavas in their Tamil country used Tamil and Sanskrit in their inscriptions. Pallava Dynasty - History Study Material & Notes - Exam Pariksha The Madras Presidency, or the Presidency of Fort St. George, also known as Madras Province, was an administrative subdivision (presidency) of British India.At its greatest extent, the presidency included most of southern India, including all of the Indian state of Andhra State, almost all of Tamil Nadu and some parts of Kerala, Karnataka, Odisha.The city of Madras was the winter capital of the . [111][112] In c.1334, Jalal ud-Din Hasan Khan declared his independence and created Madurai sultanate. "The Port of Mantai, Sri Lanka. 4 . Meanwhile, Madurai sultanate was replaced by the Nayak governors of Vijayanagara in 1378. And a further corroboration is that the gotra of the Plave Maratha family isBharadwaja, same as the one which Pallavas have attributed to themselves in their records. Pallavas, Cholas, Chalukyas, and Rashtrakutas - Andedge The Pallavas supported schooling vigorously. Shaivism, the local religion of the Pallava Dynasty, was embraced, and they became Dravidians. [21] It is known that the Pandya rulers followed Vedism Shravanism is part of Vedic principles. The countries that controlled modern-day Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Odisha are known as Tamil dynasties. The Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (600-630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630-668 . With Kadambas At the time of the time ofParamesvaravarman I, the practice came into vogue of inscribing a part of the record in Sanskrit and the rest in Tamil. [84][89][90] Jatavarman Sundara I also came into conflict with the Kadava ruler Kopperunjinga II. Avid reader, history and mystery lover. Kanchi was the capital of the Pallava dynasty. He led an expedition against the Ganga kingdom, defeated Sripurusha and also handed over territory to Jayanandivarman, the Bana feudatory of Nandivarman. [105] With the invasion of the Sultanates, Vijayanagaras, and Nayakars from the fourteenth century onwards, the Pandyas lost their traditional capital of Madurai and shifted to cities like Tenkasi and Tirunelveli. Pandya kings (10th centuryfirst half of 11th century CE): The Pandya empire included extensive territories, at times including large portions of south India and Sri Lanka. With him began an age of unmatched prosperity and cultural glory. The Pallava empire came to an end around the middle of the ninth century when Aparajitavarman, its final ruler, was defeated by the Chola king. The Chola king Aditya I defeated Aparjitavarman and took control of the Kanchi region. He is often credited with defeating and ultimately crushing the challenge posed by the Kalabhras. [102] Subsequently, there were two more expeditions from the sultanate in 1314 led by Khusro Khan and in 1323 by Jauna Khan under the Punjab-born sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq. [68], Greek and Latin accounts (early centuries CE), coins with legends in Tamil-Brahmi script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to early centuries CE. The Chinese travellerXuanzangvisitedKanchipuramduring Pallava rule and extolled their benign rule. Pallavas were followers of Hinduism and made gifts of land to gods and Brahmins. [46] He is also praised for his victory of Mizhalai and Mutturu, two "vel" centres along the ocean (in Pudukkottai). It also remembers the precious pearls brought to the capital as booty from the "Pandya" realm. This article is protected. CholaPrinceIlandiraiyanis traditionally regarded as the founder of the Pallava dynasty.Ilandiraiyan is referred to in the literature of theSangam periodsuch as thePathupattu. The early Pallavas from 250 AD to 350 AD gave their Royal Charters in Prakrit Language. It is a possibility that Aditya I conquered the Kongu country from the Pandya king Parantaka Viranarayana (r. 880900 CE). pallava,dynasty . [ref]. They are all dated in the regnal years of the kings. Most crucially, this ruler managed to accomplish what had evaded his illustrious father. The Pandyas were assisted by Sri Lanka forces of king Mahinda IV. [10] The trade with South Asia by the Greco-Roman world flourished since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty[114] a few decades before the start of the Common Era and remained long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. B. Prashant More, The Pyan Kingdom From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, 1972, https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Shunga-kingdom#ref46870, "4.5 (.. [123] Coins of Pandyas bear the legend of different Pandya ruler in different times. [79] Rajasimha II received help from the Sri Lankan king Kassapa V, still got defeated by Parantaka I in the battle of Vellur, and fled to Sri Lanka. The inscription on the silver and gold coins during the Pandyas, were in Tamil-Brahmi and the copper coins bore the Tamil legends. Gurugram - 122002. The most definitive information about the Pallavas is from the reign of King Simhavishnu (c. 575 - 600 CE) who established Kanchipuram as his capital. The Aryans were an early prehistoric group that lived in Iran and were the ancestors of the Persians. He had the name Avanishimha and worshipped Vishnu (lion of the earth). [35] Madurai, capital of Pandyas is mentioned in Kautilya's Arthashastra (4th century BCE) as 'Mathura of the south'.[36]. Because the Pallava Dynasty controlled much of the southeastern coast of India they also were skilled seafarers. In his inscriptions (2nd and 13th Major Rock Edict[37]) Asoka refers to the peoples of south India the Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas and Satiyaputras. All rights reserved. The Cholas drove the Pallavas away from Kanchi in the mid-4th century, in the reign ofVishnugopa, the tenth king of the Pallava line. The Kalabhras were protesting the countless land grants (Brahamadeya) made by the Brahmanic rulers to Brahmanas. Pallava Dynasty: Origin and Rulers - NCERT Ancient India UPSC Notes - Prepp Dance and music both flourished at this period. Kanchipuram is popularly called "Kanchi". Pallava dynasty conquered the region of Thondaimandalam that was located at Pallavapuri, The Pallava rulers established their kingdom on the ruins of the eastern part of the kingdom of the Satvahanas. They traditionally based at their original headquarters in the interior Tamil Nadu (Karur, Madurai and Uraiyur respectively). [86] He invaded the Chola country, sacked Uraiyur and Thanjavur, and drove the Chola king Kulothunga III into exile. The first group of Pallavas was mentioned in Prakrit (a . The worship of the gods Vishnu and Shiva was generally supported by the elite. Worked with youth for over 20 years in academic settings. [73] The so-called "velir" hill chieftains are assumed to be associated with these megalithic burials. Militarily the Pallavas seemed to have regained their mojo, but domestically, a lot of concerns were brewing. Pallava Dynasty, History of Pallava Dynasty, Pallava Dynasty - Indianmirror The Pallava dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a portion of what is today southern India. "Maritime Trade of Early South India: New Archaeological Evidences from Motupalli, Andhra Pradesh. The monuments at Mammalapuram can be grouped into. [6] Existing since at least the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, the dynasty passed through two periods of imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas' (13th to 14th centuries CE). There are no indications that Asoka tried to conquer the extreme south India (the Tamilakam the Abode of the Tamils). [22] The theory suggests that in early historic Tamil lexicon the word pandya means old country in contrast with Chola meaning new country, Chera meaning hill country and Pallava meaning branch in Sanskrit. [86] Attempts by the next Chola king Rajaraja III (1216 46 CE[7]) for self-rule (to stop the Pandya invasion into the Chola country[7]), with the help of the Hoysalas king Narasimha II (r. 1220 1238 CE), resulted in a battle between the Pandya and Hoysala forces at Mahendramangalam on the Kaveri Valley. Its capital, the city of Kanchipuram, was one of the richest cities in the world under the Pallavas. 2014. According toSir H. A. Stuartthe Pallavas wereKurumbasandKurubastheir modern representatives. They developed thePallava script, from whichGranthaultimately took form. The upper rock-cut cave at Tiruchirappali is by far the best of Mahendras creations. All the early documents are inPrakrit, and scholars find similarities in paleography and language with theSatavahanasand theMauryas. The phenomenon of using Prakrit as official languages in which rulers left their inscriptions and epigraphies continued till the 6th century. [11] The gradual shift from chiefdoms to kingdoms seems to have occurred in the following period. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Nonetheless, inscriptions too proffer evidence of Sivaskandavarman being the greatest ruler among the Early Pallavas. The Pallava dynasty was an Indian dynasty that ruled a large portion of southern India, also known as Tondaimandalam, from 275 CE to 897 CE. 2001. However, Ballala had to retreat to his capital, when Alauddin Khalji's general Malik Kafur invaded his kingdom at the same time. [7] The Pandya attacked the Hoysalas in the Kaveri and captured the fort of Kannanur Koppam. Thank You, Your details have been submitted we will get back to you. Log in to edit articles at Historical India. Numerous ideas have been put forth by historians. Their early coins are said to be similar to those of Satavahanas. Sundara Pandya was defeated, and sought help from the Khaljis. The Chola king Vijayalaya conquered Thanjavur by defeating the Mutharaiyar chieftain around c.850CE. Your email address will not be published. [86], Jatavarman Sundara I subdued Rajendra II around 12581260 CE and made him pay tribute. The ancient port of Korkai, in present-day Thoothukudi, was the center of pearl trade. Later, Mahendravarman converted to Hinduism, guided by the Shaiva Master Appar. This area is still referred to as en . [129], The Pandya period (c. 13th century CE) was characterised by a temple-centered elite form of Hinduism, a popular bhakti religion and an even more widespread local forms of Hinduism. The Pallavas captured Kanchi from theCholasas recorded in the Velurpalaiyam Plates, around the reign of the fifth king of the Pallava line Kumaravishnu I. ), Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Relations from A.D. c. 1000 to. Pallava dynasty Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2 In this lesson, we will explore the founding of this Southern Indian dynasty and peek into. The rule of the empire was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest. [87] The rule of the Cholas ended c.1279 with Rajendra III. He endorsed Sanskrit literature, and infact wrote a famous Sanskrit play, Mattavilasa Prahasna. Learn More. The Pallavas, were, therefore, descendants of Aryans who had settled in Iran sometime during the Paleolithic Age. Some of the leaders who are worth mentioning are Simhavarama I Sivaskandavarma I, Veerakurcha, Shandavarma II, Kumaravishnu I, Simhavarma II, and Vishnugopa. He was a feudatory under Aparijata for sometime, but didn't rest content with his subordinate status. Mahendravarman I (r. 600 CE to 630 CE), son of Simhavishnu, was a lover of literature and himself a poet and playwright. [12], Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another kingdom, the Pandian. The Pallavas are most noted for their patronage of Hindu temple architecture, the finest example being theShore Temple, aUNESCO World Heritage SiteinMamallapuram. Sometimes they have ruled Madurai. The location was economically and geopolitically significant as a key point connecting the shipping between Southeast Asia and the Middle East. [8] The poems refers to about twelve Pandya rulers. The Pallavas of Kanchipuram are considered to be one of the most powerful dynasties to have ruled over Bharatavarsha. The authority and prestige of the Pallava dynasty reached incredible heights under Narasimhavarman I, the greatest of the Pallavas. According to some experts, they originated from the Tondaimandalam area near Madras and were first settled there. According to him, partial support for the theory can be derived from a crown shaped like an elephants scalp depicted on some sculptures, which seems to resemble the crown ofDemetrius I. [86] Ramanatha managed to recover Kannanur and hold against the Pandya power. Numerous villages were granted free of taxes to the Brahmanas by them.. Dantivarman (795846 CE), Nandivarman III (846869 CE), and Nripatunga were a few prominent kings (869 899 CE). We'll share General Studies Study Material on your E-mail Id. This kingdom conquered and then merged southern Indian Dravidian kingdoms and their culture with Aryan culture. We are a group of patriots who love our motherland - Bharat Mata! [86][87], Jatavarman Sundara I ascended the Pandya throne in 1251 CE. Chillarekakodumka has been identified by some as ancient village Chillarige in Bellary, Karnataka. Pallava Dynasty . Required fields are marked *. Below given is the map representation of the Pallava Dynasty. Birudas By marrying into thisNagafamily, the Pallavas would have acquired control of the region near Kanchi. Skandavarman appears to have been the first great ruler of the early Pallavas, though there are references to other early Pallavas who were probably predecessors of Skandavarman.Skandavarman extended his dominions from theKrishnain the north to thePennarin the south and to theBellarydistrict in the West. The founder of the Kadamba dynasty, Mayurasarman, learned the Vedas in Kanchi. They supported the Bhakti movement from both Saivism and Vaishnavism of Hinduism. The Pallava Dynasty was ruling a portion of southern India. His successors, Mahendravarman II and Paramesvaraman had short and uneventful reigns. Their architectural, cultural and administrative contributions to the Indic civilization are substantial, and this article aims at illustrating the reasons for their dominance over the Indian subcontinent for nearly five centuries. [33]This is supported by Marathi historianR. C. Dherewho stated that Pallavas were originally pastoralists that belonged to Kuruba lineages. Edit History Discussion. The Pallavas were the first well-known dynasty in the history of South India after the fall of the Satavahanas. Music and dance were used to accompany the singing of religious songs. The etymology of Pandya is still a matter of considerable speculation among scholars. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. It started in the fourth century AD as the ruler. University of Pennsylvania, Ph.D, 1968 Anthropology, p.35, Karashima, Noburu. They added significantly to the areas of religion, philosophy, art, coins, and architecture and were the most powerful rulers in South India. Most of south India came under the sultanate rule and was divided into five provinces Devagiri, Tiling, Kampili, Dorasamudra and Ma'bar. The Kudamiyamalai inscriptions found on caves near Pudukottai also furnish information on his reign. It would have been in the interest of the ruling elite to protect their privileges by perpetuating their hegemony of Prakrit in order to exclude the common people from sharing power (Mahadevan 1995a: 173188). He was also addressed as Mahamaila (great wrestler) for his deftness in combat. Politics of Tamil Nationalism in Sri Lanka, South Asian Publishers, 1996 by Ambalavanar Sivarajah, 22 p. MALONEY, Clarence Thomas, THE EFFECT OF EARLY COASTAL SEA TRAFFIC ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION IN SOUTH INDIA. They were. The famousTondeswaram templeofTenavaraiand the ancientKoneswaram templeofTrincomaleewere patronised and structurally developed by the Pallavas in the 7th century. The Vayalur Pillar inscription of Rajasimha mentions Pallava after the seven mythical ancestors- from Brahma to Ashvatthama- and before naming Ashoka. They were into constant rivalry with the Chalukyas of Badami, Cholas and Pandyas during their reign. According to tradition, the legendary Sangams ("the Academies") were held in Madurai under the patronage of the Pandyas, and some of the Pandyan rulers claimed to be poets themselves. Bukka Raya I appointed his son Veera Kumara Kampana as the viceroy of the Tamil region. All Rights Reserved. He ruled from 556 to 590 CE. The royal custom of using a series of descriptive honorific titles,Birudas, was particularly prevalent among the Pallavas. The Pallavas' power allowed the Cholas to be relegated to a minor power during the seventh century. The neighbouring kingdoms of Sri Lanka, under Parakramabahu I, Venadu Chera/Kerala, under the Kulasekharas,[81] and the Cholas, under Rajadhiraja II and Kulottunga III, joinined in and took sides with any of the two princes or their kins.[82][81]. Learn more. This place [Nelcynda] also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the [Arabian] sea. [54]. The dynasty left behind magnificent sculptures and temples, and are recognised to have established the foundations of medieval South Indian architecture, which some scholars believe the ancient Hindu treatiseManasarainspired. The Pandya country, located at the extreme south-western tip of South Asia, served as an important meeting point throughout the history of the India. The history of the Pallavas is generally divided into two parts: In the Pallava kingdom, the common languages were Tamil, Prakrit and Sanskrit. 81 lessons. [16] It is a possibility that Pandya ruler Vira Pandya defeated Chola king Gandaraditya and claimed independence. The art and architecture of the post-Mahendra period are found in the sea port town of Mamallapuram at the mouth of the Palar river. Origin of Pallavas The decay of the Satavahana Empire facilitated the emergence of a number of new kingdoms on its ruins. The script for the disintegration of the great empire was ironically being written by the Pallavas themselves. The history of the Pallavas is obscure. Kanchi was his capital. The Pallava period beginning with Simhavishnu (575 CE 900 CE) was a transitional stage in southern Indian society with monument building, foundation of devotional (bhakti) sects ofAlvarsandNayanars, the flowering of rural Brahmanical institutions of Sanskrit learning, and the establishment ofchakravartinmodel of kingship over a territory of diverse people; which ended the pre-Pallavan era of territorially segmented people, each with their culture, under a tribal chieftain. [93] The island was again invaded and defeated by Jatavarman Vira II in 1270 CE. [109], While the previous sultanate raids were content with plunder, the Tughluqs under Ulugh Khan (later Muhammad bin Tughluq[2]) annexed the former Pandya dominions to the sultanate as the province of Ma'bar. [42][37], Kharavela, the Kalinga king who ruled during c. 1st century BCE, in his Hathigumpha inscription, claims to have destroyed an old confederacy of Tamil countries ("the tamiradesasanghata") which had lasted 132 years, and to have acquired a large quantity of pearls from the Pandyas. His name, Mahamalla or Mamalla, is Arabic for great fighter. His father began the Pallava-Chalukya war, which he effectively carried on. . Aparajita Varman, also known as Aparajita, was a monarch of the Pallava dynasty who reigned from approximately 885 to 903 CE. Monumental Gifts, No.18 ECR Panaiyur, Chennai - 600119, Tamil Nadu, India. S. Krishnaswami Aiyengaralso speculates that the Pallavas were natives ofTondaimandalamand the name Pallava is identical with the word Tondaiyar. Although the Pallavas were ruled by many kings, the dynasty as an organized and effective ruling family was not established until sometime in the 6th-century CE. The capital of the Pallava Dynasty was Kanchipuram. The available historical materials include three copper-plate grants of Sivaskandavarman in the first quarter of the 4th century CE, all issued fromKanchipurambut found in various parts ofAndhra Pradesh, and another inscription of Simhavarman half century earlier in thePalanadu(Pallava Nadu) area of the westernGuntur district. It was also in Narasimhavarmans reign that the renowned Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang visited Kanchipuram, and left with a fine impression of the city that had grown in prosperity under the Pallavas. She is attributed as an "amazonian queen" whose servants were men and administrative officials and army were women. The Pallava dynasty ruled over the Tondaimandalam region. This lesson attempts to streamline this information into a coherent whole. They were able to endure their rule for about 500 years. Among the accomplishments of the Pallava architecture are the rock-cut temples atMamallapuram. Kanchipuram, the capital of the Pallavas . [131], The Pandya country was home to a number of renowned temples including Meenakshi Temple in Madurai. The Pandya dynasty at its greatest extent in 1290 CE under, Under Chola influence (10th13th centuries), Karashima, Noburu. When they were at their most powerful, their realms stretched from Andhra Pradeshs northern region to the southern River Kaveri. However, the crowning achievement of his rule remained the subjugation of the Chalukyas, that left this powerful rival dynasty in a state of turmoil for nearly a decade. pallavas #mamallapuram #tamilnadu #kanchipuram #temple #tamil #mahabalipuram #kanchi #temples #templesofindia #tamilmemes #mobilephotography #pallava #instatravel #celebratekanchi #kadalpura #ilayapallavan #tamilnovel #perumal #athivaradhar #kanchipuramtemple #instasky #instadaily #kanchipuramsaree #vaishnava #athivaradharajaperumal #chozhas #athivaradar #instaart, Your email address will not be published. Kailasanathar Temple,Kanchipuram [135][136], The Tamil country is home to the 'South Indian' or 'Dravidian' style of medieval temple architecture. PALLAVA DYNASTY - Mahabalipuram (1958, second ed. He was also instrumental in introducing rock-cut architecture and cave temples which were carved out of large rocks. Encyclopedia Of Indian History! - Life & Assassination, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Its capital, the city of Kanchipuram, was one of the richest cities in the world under the Pallavas. The Pallava dynasty was one of the most significant dynasties of ancient India, and a major force in southern India. The Pandyas constantly threatened him right through his reign, and Nandivarman at one stage entered into an alliance with the rulers of Kongu and Kerala to keep them in check. Mahendravarman's successor, Narasimhavarman I (c. 630-668 AD), outdid him in many ways. The territory of Pallavas was bordered by theCoromandel Coastalong present Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh. Kayatharu, Vadakkuvalliyur, and Ukkirankottai are some of their major cities. He performed the Ashvamedha Yajna and was a devout Brahmin. The name Pallava has been subject to heated scholarly debate, some believing that it is a variation of Pahlava (or the Parthians) of North Indian provenance while others believing that it was a literal translation of the word Tondaivar. The Chinese monkXuanzangwho visitedKanchipuramduring the reign of Narasimhavarman I reported that there were 100 Buddhist monasteries, and 80 Hindu temples in Kanchipuram. The Pallavas were instrumental in the transition from rock-cut architecture to stone temples. While Pandya remained at home, his two brothers Cheran and Cholan after a separation founded their own kingdoms in north and west. [67], The three chiefly lines of the early historic south India the Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas were known as the mu-vendar ("the three vendars"). Read all about Pallava Dynasty, History, Founder, Rulers, Art, Literature and Religion for UPSC Exam. The dynasty rose to prominence after the downfall of the Satavahana dynasty, with whom they had formerly served as feudatories. ", Reddy, P. Krishna Mohan. Mahendravarman I was succeeded Narasimhavarman I Mahamalla (AD 630-68) was the greatest of the Pallavas who raised power and prestige of the dynasty to an amai height. [101][102] By 1312 the Pandya control over south Kerala was also lost. The Pallava monarch Narasimhavarman, who overthrew the Chalukyas, occupied Vatapi (Badami). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Kanchipuram grew into a center of scholarship and arts that blended Persian and Hindu architectural features into its buildings and is home to one of the Pallava Dynasty's great architectural contributions, the Kailasanathar Temple which is dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. Pallava Dynasty: Administration & Society - NCERT Notes For UPSC [27] In fact, he went beyond the confines of his own territory, and organized an expedition to Malaya. The credit for having initiated the rock-architecture in the Pallava country must be given to the royal artist Mahendravarman I. The Pallava Dynasty was located in the South Indian subcontinent from 275 CE to 897 C.E. This article has wrong layout formatting. Thereafter Kanchi figures in inscriptions as the capital of the Pallavas. Thus, the whole of the Pallava kingdom now became Chola territory, and the six centuries long rule of the Pallavas came to a gory end. The Kanchi city (identical with present day Kancheepuram) was their capital. 1991. [98] The Pandya brothers fled their headquarters, and the Khaljis pursued them unsuccessfully. Pallava dynasty, early 4th-century to late 9th-century ce line of rulers in southern India whose members originated as indigenous subordinates of the Satavahanas in the Deccan, moved into Andhra, and then to Kanci (Kanchipuram in modern Tamil Nadu state, India), where they became rulers. The parapet is composed of miniature shrines (called the kutas and salas) connected by wall elements (the harantaras). Kailasanathar Temple,Kanchipuram,Tamil Nadu, 685705 The semi-legendary founder ofZen Buddhism,Bodhidharma, may have been a son of a Pallava king. [106] All the Pandyas from Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya and his next generations were crowned in the Adheenam Mutt[107] in Kasi Viswanathar temple. The Pallava dynasty existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a significant portion of the Deccan, also known as Tondaimandalam. [24] Apart from these derivations mentioned, a number of other theories do appear in historical studies. The Pallava dynasty was established around 250 A.D. and reigned for about five hundred years.
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