Since the reaction happens two times for each glucose, two ATP are produced in this step. Complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose results in the production of the equivalent of 38 molecules of ATP. The investment stage is steps one through four and is the stage where ATP is required.
Acyl-CoA thioesterase-2 facilitates beta-oxidation in - bioRxiv The fate of pyruvate also depends on whether the condition is aerobic or anaerobic, as described below.
Oxidative/fermentation glucose test - Wikipedia There, acids and enzymes break it down into tiny pieces. \(\ce{\underbrace{C6H12O6}_{Glucose} + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2\underbrace{CH3-\!\!\!\!\!{\overset{\overset{\huge\;\;\;{OH}}|}{C}}\!\!\!-\!\!{\overset{\overset{\huge\enspace\! Step 1 of glycolysis uses ATP to phosphorylate glucose by adding a phosphate group to the C6 carbon in glucose. Here is the glucose breakdown reaction we saw at the beginning of the article: Which we can rewrite a bit more clearly as: The energy that's released as electrons move to a lower-energy state can be captured and used to do work. 3: Fatty Acid Oxidation.
{O}}|\!\!|\enspace}{C}}\!\!-O^{-}}_{Pyruvate} + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H^{+} + 2H2O}\). Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of organisms alive today ^ {2,3} 2,3. To undergo oxidation, glucose passes through three different pathways glycolysis, the Krebs. It happens in different ways depending on whether sufficient oxygen is present, i.e., aerobic condition or aerobic respiration, or if there is no oxygen, i.e., anaerobic condition. 3-Phosphoglycerate is isomerized to 2-phosphoglycerate. Electrons are represented by a picture of a sun with an e and negative symbol in the center. Complete oxidation of glucose, however, requires additional reactions. However, the body cannot use glucose in its raw form. Recall that in step 4 we created two products, an aldehyde and a ketone. She has a Bachelor of Science in zoology, a Bachelor of Science in psychology, a Master of Science in chemistry and a doctoral degree in bioorganic chemistry. The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis represents the first pathway involved in glucose oxidation. The FADH dropps off the H+s at the second protein complex, and since the H+s it brings in only go through 2 proteins, it only makes 2 ATP for every FADH molecule. She has taught a combination of ESL and STEM courses to secondary and university students. What is the difference between NADPH and NADH. Oxidation is a chemical process that, loosely defined, involves removing electrons from particular areas of a molecule. Discover the steps in each stage of glucose oxidation and what happens when glucose is oxidized. How do plants convert CO2 to carbohydrates? The products of complete glucose oxidation are carbon dioxide and water. To get a more complete picture of glycolysis, the net formula for glycolysis provides an overview of the net products of glycolysis. 8.7: Energy yield by complete oxidation of glucose is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. The Krebs cycle first converts pyruvate into acetyl Co-A.
Write the basic formula for glucose oxidation. The net products of glucose oxidation via glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 H. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Oxidation of glucose is the 2nd stage of the catabolism of carbohydrates. Glucose oxidase (GO, C 1.1.3.4) is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of -d-glucose to gluconic acid via gluconic acid-d-lactone, which brings simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide. In summary, glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose without the need for oxygen, i.e., anaerobic oxidation, consistingof two phases. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Its biological function is to catalyze glucose to form gluconolaction, while the enzyme itself is turned from GOD (FAD) to GOD (FADH2 ). 9 likes, 0 comments - Western Cosmetics (@westerncosmets) on Instagram: "What exactly is calcium D-glucarate? If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. This is the same for FAD I think because it's made up primarily of those electronegative atoms. You can also see that the charge on the O2 is neutral (0) before it was reduced and when it is converted to water, the charge on the oxygen is now -2, as it gained electrons (reduction). Krebs cycle (aka citric acid cycle) 3. The same mechanism phosphorylates the primary alcohol group of fructose-6-phosphate as in the first step producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In essence, when you consume and burn glucose, you breathe out the products of glucose oxidation. As noted above, sugars may be classified as reducing or non-reducing based on their reactivity with Tollens', Benedict's or Fehling's reagents. So would either of these answers (sum of 38 or sum of 36 ATP molecules) be correct? The investment stage of glycolysis involves five steps that uses two ATP molecules to break glucose down into dihydroxyacetone phosphate. In the electron transport chain, the electron carrier NADH undergoes a series of oxidative reactions. The released energy is used to move positively charged hydrogen ions back and forth across the membrane separating two parts of the mitochondria. A diagram shows the step-down flow of electrons to create ATP. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Understandglycolysis and the essentialreactions in this metabolic pathway responsible for glucose oxidation to two pyruvatemolecules. It happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. Subscribe to our newsletter and learn something new every day. From that electron there is a large arrow pointing towards an image labeled ATP. It is important to note that two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates are formed after steps 1 to 5. The glucose molecule contains stored energy in its bonds, just as other nutrient molecules do, including starch, proteins and fats. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S66-S76. Both act as proton donors although for different sets of biochemical reactions. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The signaling pathway from NE to 3 adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) represents an intensively studied axis driving . It can be noted that aldehydes are readily oxidized to carboxylic acids. Pulmonary Ventilation. There is also an arrow pointing from the electron on the top step down an electron on the next, lower step. Found in plants and many types of food, glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream during digestion. Lets imagine that you are a cell. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This route lowers the yield of ATP to 1.52 molecules of ATP, rather than the usual 2.53 molecules. In step 10, 2 mol of pyruvate and 2 mol of ATP are formed per mole of glucose. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Phosphoglycerate mutase rearranges 3-phosphoglycerate so that 2-phosphoglycerate is formed. Glucose oxidase (beta-D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.2.3.4) catalyzes the oxidation of beta-D-glucose to gluconic acid, by utilizing molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor with simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide. What are the end products of the complete oxidation of glucose? Reactions involving electron transfers are known as oxidation-reduction reactions (or redox reactions). How can you go about this? In this step, the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase first transfers its phosphate group to the \(\ce{-OH}\) at position#2 and then receives the phosphate from position#3 of the intermediate, resulting in the isomerization of 3-Phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate. Although this step is reversible, only GAP is used in the remaining steps of glycolysis. The big picture: Checking your blood glucose. In biochemical processes, oxidation generally results in the release of energy. EXPLANATION: Glucose is the most crucial simple sugar in human metabolism.
Steps of cellular respiration | Biology (article) | Khan Academy Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2020.
Pyruvate oxidation | Cellular respiration (article) | Khan Academy The overall reaction for this process can be written as: . During this process, glucose, a simple sugar molecule obtained from food, is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. The remaining pathways involve the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, where the oxidation process is completed. The following sections describe these ten steps in further detail. At the same time, electrons are transported from intermediates of the glucose breakdown reactions to the electron transport chain by electron carriers. In Step 2, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is converted into fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) via the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. Know details such as where in the cell each process occurs, under which conditions each process occurs, what the outcome of each process. The goal of cellular respiration is to capture this energy in the form of ATP. These reactions modify pyruvate to produce a molecule called acetyl-CoA, which then undergoes a series of eight additional reactions, explain Drs. Using the biological definition of oxidation and reduction you can say that glucose is being oxidized and O2 is being reduced. The oxidation of glucose begins during glycolysis. All steps in the harvesting stage, with the exception of the final step involving pyruvate kinase, are reversible steps. Each of the carbon atoms, on average, is oxidized by 4 electron for a total of 24 electrons. - Benefits, Foods & Deficiency Symptoms, Cor Pulmonale: Definition, Symptoms & Treatment, Stridor Breath Sounds: Definition, Causes & Treatment, What Is a Cannula?
Glucose Utilization - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oxidation is caused when an atom, a molecule, or even an ion comes in contact with oxygen. Oxidation is defined as a process in which an electron is removed from a molecule during a chemical reaction. What are the 3 main parts of cellular respiration? What is cellular respiration? - Definition & Placement, What Is Acrocyanosis? 1: Illustration of ten steps of glycolysis with enzymes needed in each step. Hexokinase uses an ATP molecules to put a phosphate onto glucose, creating Glucose-6-phosphate. However, in the context of biology, there is a little trick we can often use to figure out where the electrons are going. In the initial phosphorylation of glucose (step 1), 1 mol of ATP is expended, along with another in the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate (step 3). A total of 2 NADH are produced. What are the four stages of glucose oxidation? Reproduction, growth, physical activity, and cellular repair all need energy in order for these processes to occur. Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. If a sugar is oxidized by these reagents it is called reducing, since the oxidant (Ag (+) or Cu (+2)) is reduced in the reaction, as evidenced by formation of a silver mirror or precipitation of cuprous oxide. I am a little confused on this one. The process of complete glucose oxidation begins with a cell splitting a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate, explain Drs. Glucose is our primary energy source and is used/consumed by almost every cell in the body. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. First of all, the number of ATP generated per reduced NADH or FADH2is not always a whole number. The net products of glucose oxidation includes: During glycolysis, each glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate produces 2 ATP, 1 pyruvate, 1 NADH, and 1 hydrogen atom. ADP, in turn, is formed with ATP is broken down to release its energy. Direct link to YAYAA's post What is the difference be, Posted 8 years ago. ], [Wait, does the energy literally turn into ATP? \(\ce{\underbrace{C6H12O6}_{Glucose} + 2NAD^{+} + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2\underbrace{CH3-\!\!{\overset{\overset{\huge\enspace\!{O}}|\!\!|\enspace}{C}}\!\!-\!\!{\overset{\overset{\huge\enspace\! 5. Instead of converting pyruvate to lactate, as in humans and animals, yeast has an enzyme called pyruvate decarboxylase that decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde. This is especially important in long-distance endurance events (like Ironman, stage racing and ultramarathons . They are both carriers for hydrogen ions (H+) and their purpose is to get those electrons/ions to the ETC where they can be used to make ATP. Step 10 represents the final irreversible reaction in glycolysis. There is a large arrow pointing towards the electron on the top step of the steps image. Carbohydrates are formed in green plants by photosynthesis, which is the chemical combination, or fixation, of carbon dioxide and water by utilization of energy from the absorption of visible light. Glucose oxidation is a chemical process that provides energy for an organism to carry out all of its required activities. Figure 9.3.1 9.3. Together, these results give a reason that only Au NPs can catalyze the oxidation of glucose to produce H 2 O 2, while other noble metal NPs cannot. In eukaryotes, this step takes place in the matrix, the innermost compartment of mitochondria. When you consume food that contains glucose, you digest the food and absorb the glucose into your bloodstream. The chemical conversion of carbon dioxide and water into sugar (glucose) and oxygen is a light-driven reduction process: (3) 6 C O 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2. Oxidation is a chemical process that, loosely defined, involves removing electrons from particular areas of a molecule. 2019;42(Suppl 1):S46-60.
Insulin directly stimulates mitochondrial glucose oxidation in the It is the preparatory phase, which is also energy consuming phase in which a six \(\ce{C's}\) glucose (\(\ce{C6H12O6}\)) is phosphorylated twice at the expense of two ATP's and converts to twoglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules having three \(\ce{C's}\) each. Electron carriers. As electrons move through the electron transport chain, they go from a higher to a lower energy level and are ultimately passed to oxygen (forming water). The fatty acyl-CoA formed in the final step becomes the substrate for the first step in the next round of -oxidation. Usually, that number varies in the oxidative phosphorylation step, depending on the amount of NADH and FADH2 available for the process. - Regulation, Steps & Mechanism, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Oxidation of Alcohols: Mechanism, Reaction & Conditions, Glucose Oxidation: Steps, Equation & Products, Oxidation of Ethanol: Equation, Product & Mechanism, UExcel Microbiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Human Anatomy & Physiology: Help and Review, AP Environmental Science: Homework Help Resource, High School Biology: Homework Help Resource, High School Chemistry: Homeschool Curriculum, Middle School Earth Science: Homeschool Curriculum, What Is Niacin? For every pair of electrons transported to the electron transport chain by a molecule of NADH, between 2 and 3 ATP are generated. In the liver, kidneys, and heart cells, a different transport mechanism is used, andNADHin the cytoplasm is convertedinto NADH in the mitochondria. For instance, glucose would be oxidized to gluconate by oxygen. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post Yes, further apart orbita, Posted 3 months ago. All rights reserved.
Glucose oxidation Flashcards | Quizlet - Definition, Causes & Symptoms, What Is ARDS? Glucose oxidation refers to the breakdown and processing of glucose into ATP and NADH. Why are electrons at a higher energy level when associated with lower electronegative atoms? Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, et al. It is a metabolic pathway consisting of ten glycolysis reactions,as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. During anaerobic respiration the oxidation of glucose is incomplete - not all of the energy can be released from the glucose molecule as it is only partially broken down. 4.
Glycolysis | Cellular respiration | Biology (article) | Khan Academy transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues. Here, the NADH gives up its electrons and reduces the carbon in carbon dioxide. Diabetes Care. The net production of ATP is thus 2 mol for each mole of glucose converted to lactate or ethanol. This step is irreversible, meaning that we can't simply use the hexokinase enzyme to remove the phosphate from glucose. GOD was used to prepare biosensors in extensive fields. The formation of magnesium chloride is one example of a redox reaction that nicely matches our definition above: In this reaction, the magnesium atom loses two electrons, so it is oxidized. doi:10.2337/dc20-S006, American Diabetes Association. In the second stage, or the harvesting stage, ATP is generated in steps 6 to 10. What is the varying factor here that makes the number of ATP molecules different by two ATP molecules? Hope that helps :). Did you mean the opposite of what you wrote? (You can get the number of free hydrogen ion equivalents, including the reduced form of NADH and GTP, from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle - the next step is the issue. Learn what glucose oxidation is and the equation for it. From there, cells take up the glucose and either store it for later use or chemically burn it to provide energy. Step 3 involves phosphofructokinase, which adds a phosphate group onto fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Glucose, being an aldose, features a free aldehyde group in its open-chain form.
Nickel-Cobalt Selenide Electrocatalytic Electrode toward Glucose Fermentation, for example, can take place with no oxygen present, but this and other anaerobic metabolic processes tend to be much less efficient ways of making this molecule. ATP is present in all living organisms and plays a critical role in cell metabolism, as it is the main way cells store and transfer energy. The ketone group in dihydroxyacetone phosphate does not oxidize directly but converts to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate due to the equilibrium creation#5.
Glucose Oxidase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics How many ATP are produced in complete oxidation of glucose? The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Two \(\ce{NAD^{+}}\) are reduced to two \(\ce{NADH}\) which need to be oxidized back to \(\ce{NAD^{+}}\) for the process to continue. The most complete assessment I have seen lately (doi: 10.1074/jbc.X200011200) puts it at 29.85 ATP per glucose molecule, actually. In Step 9, 2-phosphoglycerate undergoes dehydration in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme enolase. Glucose-6-phosphate, which is an aldohexose, isomerizes to fructose-6-phosphate, which is a ketohexose. Once there, the molecules are converted into acetyl CoA, the molecule that powers the citric acid cycle. Oxidation occurs when an atom, molecule, or ion loses one or more electrons in a chemical reaction. Most of the lactateis transported to the liver, where it is re-oxidized to pyruvate. The first electron is to the right of the steps and is labeled Electrons removed from glucose. The phosphagen pathway dominates high power, short duration efforts: things that take less than 10 seconds but require a huge power output. Not that I know of. 81 In addition, there is a switch during . As such, when you "burn" glucose for energy, your cells are actually oxidizing the glucose molecule to produce the products carbon dioxide and water. In Chemistry, What Is the Oxidation Number? The glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation are enhanced to fuel the mitochondria. This reaction releases energy and stores it in a chemical form for the cell to use. And when they drop electrons off, they go neatly back to their original form: Cellular respiration involves many reactions in which electrons are passed from one molecule to another. Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy.Cellular respiration may be described as a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients . The overall reaction of glycolysis of glucose in the fermentation process by yeast.
The Science of Sugars in Endurance Sports | TrainingPeaks The mean glucose oxidation rate in the term newborn has been estimated to be 6 mg/kg/min (3.8-9.7 mg/kg/min) compared with an adult rate of 3 mg/kg/min. Where is glucose completely oxidized?
What is oxidation of glucose? - Studybuff Oxidative phosphorylation. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. The anaerobic breakdown of glucose uses enzymes suspended freely in solution in the cells. Legal. Diabetes Care. - Regulation, Steps & Mechanism, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Oxidation of Alcohols: Mechanism, Reaction & Conditions, Glucose Oxidation: Steps, Equation & Products, Oxidation of Ethanol: Equation, Product & Mechanism, UExcel Basic Genetics: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Genetics: Certificate Program, UExcel Microbiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Praxis Family and Consumer Sciences (5122) Prep, SAT Subject Test Physics: Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Biology: Content Knowledge (5235) Prep, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Introduction to Environmental Science: Certificate Program, Introduction to Natural Sciences: Certificate Program, AP Environmental Science: Help and Review, AP Environmental Science: Homework Help Resource, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Biochemistry; Reginald Garrett, Ph.D. and Charles Grisham, Ph.D.; 2007, Biochemistry; Mary Campbell, Ph.D. and Shawn Farrell, Ph.D.; 2005. What is the ICD-10-CM code for skin rash? It mainly comes from foods rich in carbohydrates, like bread, potatoes, and fruit. 166,171 GO is a dimeric glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 150-180 kDa and is composed of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) molecules, which . So, we actually end up creating two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
Cellular respiration review (article) | Khan Academy 1. ATP is also involved in muscle movement and is essential for maintaining the cells cytoskeleton, the structure within the cytoplasm that supports the cell and holds it together. This net equation is: {eq}C_6H_{12}O_6 + 2ADP + 2Pi +2NAD+ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H^+ {/eq}, where: This formula summarizes the ten steps of glycolysis, which include: Glycolysis only represents the first pathway involved in glucose oxidation. Lets talk about each one in detail.
It produces a small amount of ATP and the three-carbon compound pyruvate. involved with fats & amino acids (entering ETC via complex2)? When organic fuels like glucose are broken down using an electron transport chain, the breakdown process is known as. From the electron on that step there is a large arrow pointing towards an image labeled ATP and another arrow pointing down to the next lower step at another electron. Linking step. 2. 5. I feel like its a lifeline. 9.
What is the Complete Oxidation of a Glucose Molecule? There is an opposite process of oxidation known as a reduction in which there is a gain of electrons. This results in the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in this reversible step. As an electron passes through the electron transport chain, the energy it releases is used to pump protons (. Step 3 is irreversible and therefore represents the commitment step in glycolysis. There are three metabolic pathways that provide our muscles with energy: the phosphagen pathway, the glycolytic pathway, and the oxidative pathway.
GLUCOSE OXIDATION Flashcards | Quizlet Pyruvate is also transferred to mitochondria and undergoes oxidation at the cost of \(\ce{NAD^{+}}\) reduced to \(\ce{NADH}\) through a series of reactions catalyzed by a complex of three enzymes and five coenzymes, collectively called the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. Published December 2016. Is glucose an oxidizing agent? It's difficult to tell how many ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria per hydrogen-equivalent - in fact it is unlikely to be a constant over time even in the same organism.). It is called the commitment step because the products can only form glycolysis after the addition of phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate. Thirty years of research on the dawn phenomenon: Lessons to optimize blood glucose control in diabetes. The five steps of the investment stage are discussed in the following subsections. 1. by aerobic respiration Pyruvate is oxidized in the presence of enough oxygen to release water, carbon dioxide and energy in the form of 38 ATPs. Glucose oxidase The glucose oxidase enzyme ( GOx or GOD) also known as notatin (EC number 1.1.3.4) is an oxidoreductase that catalyses the oxidation of glucose to hydrogen peroxide and D-glucono--lactone. She's been teaching and writing about health, wellness and nutrition for more than 10 years. start text, C, end text, start subscript, 6, end subscript, start text, H, end text, start subscript, 12, end subscript, start text, O, end text, start subscript, 6, end subscript, 6, start text, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, 6, start text, C, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, 6, start text, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, O, end text, delta, G, equals, minus, 686, start text, k, c, a, l, slash, m, o, l, end text, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, start color #6495ed, N, A, D, end color #6495ed, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, 2, start text, e, end text, start superscript, minus, end superscript, 2, start text, start color #9d38bd, H, end color #9d38bd, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, start color #6495ed, N, A, D, end color #6495ed, end text, start text, start color #9d38bd, H, end color #9d38bd, end text, start text, space, start color #9d38bd, H, end color #9d38bd, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, start color #28ae7b, F, A, D, end color #28ae7b, end text, 2, start text, start color #9d38bd, space, H, end color #9d38bd, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, start color #28ae7b, F, A, D, end color #28ae7b, start color #9d38bd, H, end color #9d38bd, end text, start subscript, start color #9d38bd, 2, end color #9d38bd, end subscript, start text, start color #9d38bd, H, end color #9d38bd, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, M, g, end text, plus, start text, C, l, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, right arrow, start text, M, g, end text, start superscript, 2, plus, end superscript, plus, 2, start text, C, l, end text, start superscript, minus, end superscript, start text, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, O, end text, start text, O, end text, minus, start text, H, end text, start text, C, comma, space, O, comma, space, N, comma, end text, , G, equals, minus, 686, start text, k, c, a, l, slash, m, o, l, end text, start text, e, n, e, r, g, y, !, end text, What is the difference between nadph and nadH.
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