Yet despite this fact, research shows that as many as 50% of females are dieting between ages 15 and 18. Your musculoskeletal health also comes into play, so you should take steps to reduce pain, avoid injury, and run with proper form. For instance, make sure they know how to prepare simple meals, do their own laundry, and maintain a budget. When you do regular exercise, it's important to take rest days to help your body recover and continue to see progress in your fitness levels. 100 yd Pace Female 1 Mile Swimming Times A good 1 mile time for a woman is 33:49 . However, their choices may not always feel like the right ones to their parents. 8 tips for talking about bad grades. This tool combines both an age-graded calculator and a equivalent performances calculator into one. How Many Steps in 2 km (Height & Speed Chart). Caffeine is a stimulant and can help you more effectively access your energy stores (4). Kandie crushes half marathon world record in Valencia, Ababel Yeshaneh smashes women's half marathon world record, Age differences in pacing in endurance running: Comparison between marathon and half-marathon men and women, Age group performances in 100 km and 100 miles ultra-marathons, Aerobic capacity and fractional utilisation of aerobic capacity in elite and non-elite male and female marathon runners, The role of weather conditions on running performance in the Boston Marathon from 1972 to 2018, Optimizing strength training for running and cycling endurance performance: A review. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. And if the issues you are experiencing cause concern, do not hesitate to talk to a healthcare provider for input and advice. *Note: Per USATF Competition Rules (300.1 b-d), Youth age divisions are determined by an athletes year of birth. By Sherri Gordon In these charts, age is provided as a frame of reference and is based on averages. Communication and your 13- to 18-year-old. So, you'd need to run about 3 miles (5 kilometers) per day to improve your time. link to How Many Steps in 2 km (Height & Speed Chart), link to How Many Steps in 1 km (With Height & Speed Chart), Average 4 Mile Running Time by Age for Males, Average 4 Mile Running Time By Age for Females, Other Running Distances That Could Help You. So at just 2.1 mph, it would take an average 80-year-old nearly half an hour to walk a mile (28 minutes and 34 seconds), while a 23-year-old is likely to walk at a speed of 3 mph, taking only 20 minutes to walk a mile. by TrailRunnerWorld 16th September 2022 A good Mile time for a 10 year old will be affected by a range of factors. Convert pace to speed, and speed to pace both mile and km. Is walking a mile in 16 minutes good? In fact, she indicates that she sees a number of young people who have engaged in vaping or juuling recently or used other substances in some way. 5k Run Times By Age And Ability - Running Level The differences in the level of physical development among sexes are more apparent around age 16. On the other hand, there also might be academic challenges, risky behaviors, or straight-up rudeness, none of which are easy to deal with. What is the fastest mile time for a 14-year-old boy? Relieve lower back pain and tightness with these seven stretches, complete with step-by-step instructions and modifications to meet your needs. Ashcraft AM, Murray PJ. Even the weather can play a role in a person's time. Below you will discover how your 16-year-old is developing cognitively, physically, and emotionally. Select Gender: Male. Runner's World. At the same time, they might begin to understand more about sexual orientation and become aware of their preferences. They also are mastering abstract thinkingthat is, considering what is and what could be as well as improving their reasoning and problem-solving skills during this time. What's a good mile time for a 16 year old male? - Quora 20-Minute Full-Body Workout to Do at Home, The Essential Guide to Weight Training for Runners, How to Break Up With Your Running Partner, How Does a Ladder Workout Help Build Strength, How to Choose the Right Marathon Training Plan, The Benefits of the Stair Climbing for Runners. The average mile time for men running a 10K is a little under 9 minutes, whereas the average for women is about 10 minutes. We are compensated for referring traffic and business to Amazon and other companies linked to on this site. How fast should I walk a mile to lose weight? Related: Walking 3 miles a day: 5 surprising benefits. Average Marathon Time: For Men and Women and Tips to Get Faster Image Credit: martin-dm/E+/GettyImages In This Article Average Mile Time and Pace Common Mile Questions Prep For Your First Mile Race Improve Your Time Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. On the other hand, the fastest 4 mile time is 16:43. standards for the Presidential Fitness Test have been dropping in recent years. walk a mile based upon your average walking speed. How Long Is A Mile? the fitness impact of the walk. If you're wondering what speed that equates to, it's an astonishing 10.87 mph. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. On the one hand, you might get to see your teen land the starring role in a musical, earn a spot on a sports team, get a drivers license, or make the honor roll. They correspond to the performance of amateur runners and will take you to the top 20% of finishers in . Elite male runners can complete a half-marathon in under an hour, while world-class female runners can finish in around 1 hour and 10 minutes. Nemours KidsHealth. Therefore, if you can run 4 miles in 30 minutes, you are only 01.30 minutes off the elite marathon pace. You also might want to consider implementing some safe driving rules like limiting the number of passengers your teen can take in the car and using apps like Life 360 so that you know where they are and how fast the car is going. He's been playing organized sports all his life, and he loves it even more now that he's an adult. Drink plenty of fluids the morning of your race, stopping about 1 hour before the start time to make sure youre not running straight to the port-a-potties. A 10K race, which is 6.2 miles, is ideal for experienced runners who are looking for more of a challenge. Age Grade Calculator Form. A meter is 0.393700 inches, or about 30 centimeters. J Pediatr Nurs. Beginners may take 12-15 minutes to finish a mile. Average Walking Speed: Pace, and Comparisons by Age and Sex - Healthline Watches that monitor your heart rate have become popular among athletes and people with medical conditions alike. I was about 10th in my grade. This is the average 1 mile time across all ages and genders. Christine Many Luff is a personal trainer, fitness nutrition specialist, and Road Runners Club of America Certified Coach. a level, firm surface equates to a MET score of 5.0 in the Compendium of Physical Activities. Theme: Envo Blog. Make sure your teen is mature enough to handle the responsibility of driving before teaching them to drive or handing over the keys. During this time, they might prefer to unwind by watching YouTube or Netflix, reading books, playing video games, or even scrolling through social media. "This is an age and stage where smoking, drinking, and other forms of self-harm can become hardwired if it is not addressed," says Dr. Rome. It depends on their age, weight and overall fitness levels. Fastest Mile Time: Records, Averages, and Tips for Improvement I would recommend joining a track or athletics club. 2. RunRepeat. What is the average time to run a mile and a half. How Fast Can an "Average" Kid Run a Mile? The fastest 1 mile time is 03:47 . To calculate your age graded percent (often abbreviated AGP or AG%), we take your time and divide it by the world record time at that distance. One way to see how you compare to other runners, regardless of age and sex, is by using a system called age grading. "Problem-solve with them first, make suggestions second, and then agree on a plan. If you have any problems using our calculator tool, please contact us. For the complete in-depth article, how many calories do you burn running 4 mile. Average 10K time by age and sex - Medical News Today The Average Mile Time: Find Out Good and Bad Results by Age It can be tough to race in the cold if you live and train in the heat, and vice versa. Boys' Running Times In compared to other boys his age, a 12-year-old kid who can run a mile in eight minutes and 40 seconds is in the 50th percentile. Slow down your pace on most training . The human heart is capable of beating about 100,000 times in a lifetime. Whats the best investment you could make in your running performance? The 2020 analysis of recreational runners found that males average 5 minutes and 51 seconds per kilometer in a 10K, while females average 6 minutes and 58 seconds per kilometer. And by all means, make sure you watch for signs of experimentation. How fast should a 12-year-old run a mile? For more experienced runners, running blogs and websites suggest an average 8-minute-per-mile pace, resulting in a finish time of about 26 minutes. World Athletics. Check out the miles chart below to get an idea of how long it would take to walk a set number of miles at a relaxed, moderate or brisk pace. Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Keep in mind that learning disabilitieslike dyslexia, dysgraphia, or othersmay have gone undiagnosed and can make it feel impossible for the child to succeed academically. From this information, we can extrapolate the following walking speeds: To walk a mile in 15 minutes, you will need to walk at a brisk walking speed of around 4 mph. However, our bodies are amazing machines, and you will quickly adjust to your new energy output. What Is the Average Running Speed of a Teenage Girl? - Weekand Few, if any, untrained 16 year-old boys can run a five-minute mile; however, with solid training and a bit of good coaching most HS boys can develop the ability to run a five minute mile. If youve already done a few 5Ks and enjoy running longer distances, the 10K may be a perfect next step. It is also 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212797, Rnnestad BR, Mujika I. Optimizing strength training for running and cycling endurance performance: A review. Finishing a half-marathon in less than two hours is a common goal for experienced half-marathon runners. Females within the same age group finished in 12:09. The number of calories you burn running 4 mile will depend on your weight, gender and pace. To continue on the weight loss journey, I would advise increasing your running distances instead of cutting your calories. How Long Should It Take to Walk a Mile?. Nike.com Any time faster than 8:40 would be considered a good time, since it puts the boy in the top half of his age class. Kandie crushes half marathon world record in Valencia. But these skills are still not completely developed, says Ellen S. Rome, MD, MPH, and head of the Center for Adolescent Medicine at Cleveland Clinic Children's. While a bit of competition is fine, make sure youre not pushing yourself too hard or too quickly. Age-Graded Calculator with Equivalent Performances - Run Hive Simple carbs, white grains, and sugary fruits may be good choices (4). Whats the average time for a 1 mile run? Its best to try out various foods during training so you know what works for you. "They won't always recognize the consequences of their decisions, but as Dr. Ken Ginsburg says, parents should be a lighthouse providing a beacon that guides teens toward safe harbor. If your child makes decisions that concern you, talk to them. Women average a mile every 10 to 12 minutes. For most first-time half-marathoners, the goal is usually to finish, rather than achieve a specific finishing time. According to research published in 2011, your walking speed decreases at a rate of about 0.0037 m/s per year as your age increases. On average, you can expect most beginners to reach a 4 mile run in a time of between 37 minutes and 59 minutes. By Mayo Clinic Staff You probably have some idea of how fit you are. As a result, if they aim to run a 10K event, middle school students should only run up to 12.8 miles every week. Age group performances in 100 km and 100 miles ultra-marathons. 2023 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. However, when it comes to communicating, for the most part, 16-year-olds are able to communicate like adults. Below are the averages reported by RunRepeat in 2019 that you can use as signposts to determine roughly where you should be when starting out and what times you can strive to meet (2). Although recovery begins immediately, your body does most of its muscle repair during sleep, so you want to give yourself the gift of good sleep to feel stronger and more recovered the next morning (13). These exercises will activate and warm the muscles of your hips, legs, feet, and core, preparing you to run efficiently and comfortably from the starting line rather than using the first 10 minutes of the race to hit peak readiness. EC1V 2NX, instructions for how to enable JavaScript, are a useful guide and starting point for discussions about exercise, Tom Bosworth smashed the world record for the fastest one-mile walk, this article at Verywell Fit might be helpful for you, Sex-Specific Correlates of Walking Speed in a Wide Age-Ranged Population, Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, How fast is fast enough? Most people can expect to walk a mile in 15 to 22 minutes, according to data gathered in a 2019 study spanning five decades. It's important to remember that this is only an average - some younger kids can beat it, some older kids will fall short of the mark. Most marathon runners finish a mile every 10 minutes. How does it work? The average time for a teenager to run the mile is 4:57. Those who are more advanced runners can estimate a faster time of around 40-45 minutes. How to tell if your child is a fast runner? - Sportstar In Progress Whats the average time for a 13-year old to run 1500 meters? "The ability to foresee consequences is not completely hardwired at this age," Dr. Rome adds. The ages listed are a guideline for assessing approximate age at the time of competition. Running clubs often use professional training systems to time all training runs. Make sure your goals are realistic and that you have a good sense of your limitations. For the flying 30-meter dash, the average speed for 16- to 19-year-old girls ranges from 4.3 to 4.4 seconds, according to "Physical Education and the Study of Sport" by Robert Davis. The average time it takes for a woman at a healthy weight without any health conditions to walk a mile is somewhere between 14 to 21 minutes . How Long Does It Take To Run A Mile? Average Mile Time Guide After all, in just a few short years they will be either going off to college, starting a new job, or even entering the military. What is a good 1 mile time for a 14 year old boy? - idswater.com 3. A person who weighs 200 pounds and runs 4 mile in 10 minutes will burn about 608 calories. Here are the averages by gender for adults: Male average pace per mile: 9:38 (calculated from an average distance of 4.1 miles and average duration of 0:39:30) Female average pace per mile: 11:08 (calculated from an average distance of 3.4 miles and average duration of 0:37:42) (Just emphasizing again that these estimates have a lot of . How fit are you? See how you measure up - Mayo Clinic Studies reveal it takes 3500 calories to burn approximately 1 pound of body fat. And, if you want to work out a more accurate calculation for your biological sex and minutes with around 2,250 steps taken per mile. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Also, talk to your teen about the pressure to have sex, regardless of their gender. Most runners reach their. Sixteen-year-olds are entrenched in a social world that includes friendships and romantic relationships. "They also might be thinking spiritually and know what it means to love another person," says Ashley Ebersole, MD, MS, FAAP, an adolescent medicine physician with Nationwide Children's. The answer is 167 hours (10,000 minutes) at a moderate walking pace. Select Race Distance: 5km. It's from a study by Australian researchers in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, who collected data from 16 studies (a total of 85,347 test performances) to put together a comprehensive. That 11:05 time would put a girl in the 50th percentile. Instead, make your expectations known and talk consistently and openly about topics such as sexual desire, sexting, and consent. Guttmacher Institute. Your first half-marathon is an automatic PR. As a good rule of thumb and very average benchmark, a good 1-mile time is: For women, 7:40 or less. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Sherri Gordon, CLC is a published author, certified professional life coach, and bullying prevention expert. 8. Ready to start a fitness program? 1983;52(1):80-7. doi:10.1007/bf00429030, Knechtle B, Di Gangi S, Rst CA, Villiger E, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT. Male world record: 3:43.13 (Hichem El Guerrouj, 1999) Female world record: 4:12.33 (Sifan Hassan, 2019) Competitive high school male: 3:53.43 (Alan Webb, 2001) 3 Competitive high school female: 4:33.87 (Katelyn Tuohy, 2018) 4 Average Mile Times by Age Group At my school, the majority of kids who try run in that range. Running Suggestions. He hit the mile marker in a time of Talk about expectations, risks, and opportunities without shying away from tough topics such as drugs, alcohol, and sex. The differences in the level of physical development among sexes are more apparent around age 16. I'm 14 (8th grade) and am almost sub 6:00 (6:03) I'm now about 8th. What is the typical time for a 13-year-old boy to run 1500 meters? What Is a Good Half Marathon Time? - Verywell Fit Average Mile Time and Pace by Age and Sex: What's Yours? | livestrong For men, 6:40 or faster. The average 5K time depends on a few factors, including age, sex, and fitness level. But, you can expect to finish a 5K in roughly 30 to 40 minutes. They may spend less time with their families and more time with their friends or dating interests, or they might prefer to spend more time alone than they used to. Avoid running for too long or at a pace thats too fast. Male 1 Mile Running Times A good 1 mile time for a man is 06:37 . Please be sure to let them know! PMID: 2614649. Averages by Age Group and Sex. Once youve recovered from the immediate effects of your race, youll benefit tremendously from taking in some post-effort nutrition. Aerobic capacity and fractional utilisation of aerobic capacity in elite and non-elite male and female marathon runners. Not sure how many meters that is? The world record for the half-marathon is 57:32 for men (Kibiwott Kandie, 2020) 1 and 1:04:31 for women (Ababel Yeshaneh, 2020). Age differences in pacing in endurance running: Comparison between marathon and half-marathon men and women. Note that many half-marathons have a cut-off time, or a time by which all participants must have crossed the finished line. An overhead press works muscles in your upper body and stabilizes your shoulder muscles and movements. According to RunRepeat's 2019 State of Running report, the average finish time for half-marathons in the U.S. is 2:02:00 for males and 2:16:00 for females. Be sure to hydrate! Walkers who finish . We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. However, if youre not accustomed to coffee and its bladder- and bowel-stimulating effects race day may not be the best day to start drinking it. 1 Mile Run Times Running Standards By Age And Ability What is a good 1 mile run time? Itll take twice as long to prepare for a 10K race as it does for a 5K race, so make sure youve allotted enough time to get ready. 7. A lot of runners like their glass of liquid bread after a race and enjoy the ritual of the post-run brew. How to measure how fast your child can run? Understanding your average 4-mile times is vital because, unlike shorter distances like 1 or 2 miles, you begin to slow down and cant hold that 1 mile split as comfortably. They need free time to pursue interests as well as time to rest and relax without expectations. Similarly, a 7 year old running a mile in under 10 minutes is considered a fast pace. A good 1 mile time is 07:07 . As an extra, fun article you can also find out how long it would take to walk around the world. From abacus to iPhones, learn how calculators developed over time. For most beginners, they can expect to reach a 4 mile run in between 37 minutes and 59 minutes. Summary The average time it takes to run a mile changes based on sex, age, fitness level, and nutrition. Being 16 is not easy for teensor for parents or caregivers. are a useful guide and starting point for discussions about exercise. Personal fable: a potential explanation for risk-taking behavior in adolescents. It is not meant to make a determination on a person's abilities. Elite male runners can complete a half-marathon in under an hour, while world-class female runners can finish in around 1 hour and 10 minutes. The average walking pace is 2.5 to 4 mph, according to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Though participation in long distance running has been deemed safe for kids, experts have recommended guidelines, broken down by age, for mileage and training frequency (discussed in detail later).Running Recommendations. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Doing some simple mobility exercises, staying hydrated, and trying to get a good nights sleep will help you feel your best on race day. 1. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'conditionandnutrition_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_7',829,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-conditionandnutrition_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');If you have been running at least 3 or 4 times a week for 4 6 weeks, you can expect to hold your 1-mile average pace for 4 miles, so understanding your 1-mile time is essential. Average mile time by age and sex - Medical News Today Consider adding an electrolyte tab to your water to prevent muscle cramping and to avoid hyponatremia a dangerous potential consequence of over-hydration by water alone (6, 7). Running Times for Boys. "Trust your instincts," she says. You should discuss with your child what strategies they can use to keep going as long as possible before needing to rest. This is the average across all ages and genders. 16-Year-Old Physical Development. .css-17zuyas{display:block;font-family:Sailec,Sailec-fallback,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-17zuyas:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-17zuyas{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-17zuyas{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-17zuyas{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-17zuyas{font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.4;}}.css-17zuyas h2 span:hover{color:#CDCDCD;}Is It Safe to Run With Wildfire Smoke In the Air? Pediatr Clin North Am. About 10 minutes before start time, you can engage in some dynamic warmup exercises. A mile is 1.6 kilometers, 1609 meters, or four laps around an Olympic-sized track (4 x 400m, plus 9m at the end!). You want to move slowly and rhythmically to let your heart and lungs settle into a resting effort. If your teen is struggling with substance use or addiction, contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline at 1-800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area. To put it into perspective, elite marathon runners will maintain an average mile split time of around 6 minutes. The final entry in our table above is a fun one to finally give an answer to the question: "How long would it take the In all age categories, men walk faster than women. Once you have one half-marathon under your belt, you can focus on trying to beat your PR. For instance a female that is aged between 30-34 can expect a 4 mile running time of 48.36. five minutes and 31.08 seconds. 1989 Oct;4(5):334-8. Typically, Ethiopia and Kenya have some of the fastest runners in both the mens and the womens events. In most cases, only experienced half-marathoners will achieve their predicted time. Thanks in part. There are ways to increase your speed, Several factors contribute to the average time it takes a person to run one mile. The fastest 1 mile time is 03:47 . While an excellent speed drops below 4.5 seconds, a poor speed is 4.6 seconds or higher. The State of Running 2019. Individual health will of course have an impact on how long it takes to walk a mile, but more general factors such as age, gender and pace However, its normal to want to know how your time stacks up against other runners times and against your previous bests. They might be able to offer up different perspectives and provide resources. Balance out your running sessions with lighter workouts such as yoga, tai chi, or swimming. Then, once we reach our fifties, our walking speed slows down again. Highly competitive runners aim for harder targets, like a 1 hour and 30-minute half-marathon (6:51 minutes per mile pace or faster). Last medically reviewed on February 25, 2022. Age Grade Calculator | runningfastr "At 16, a female's body may very much replicate an adult female body while a male might still be developing and may notice more height growth and further development of facial hair," says Dr. Ebersole. If you run a sub 9 that is still a solid time. Continue to strengthen your relationship with your teenager by showing interest in their life and praising accomplishments. A 14-year-old girl's best time is under 13 seconds, while the average is over 15.00 seconds. Your age, cardiovascular fitness, and musculoskeletal health can all influence your individual performance, but the average 10K time is 5070 minutes. Factors such as age, gender, body weight, fitness level and genetics need to be factored in to determine Whether you're about to run your first half-marathon or you're hoping to beat your personal record (PR), setting a goal when training for the 13.1-mile run can help keep you motivated. Is It Safe to Run With Wildfire Smoke In the Air? The finishing times go up gradually as the age group got older. Ensure that your teen knows how to be safe on the road, whether they are driving or riding as a passenger and that they can call you to come get them if they ever feel unsafe, suggests Dr. Ebersole. The fastest recorded mile time is an incredible 03.47. A half-marathoner will get a much faster time on a flat versus hilly course and in comfortable weather conditions versus uncomfortable or unfamiliar ones. Of course, youth and high spirits may well see your child persist longer than this. As for parenting, 16-year-olds can bring both joy and frustration to their parents and caregivers. Talking to parents about adolescent sexuality. The MET score of 5.0 for walking at 4mph represents a moderate intensity For example, here are the average, 10th percentile, and 90th percentile performances for the mile run (the vertical scale is in seconds, the horizontal scale goes from 9 to 17 years old): .css-1736von{--data-embed-display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;clear:both;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:0.9375rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%;}@media(min-width: 20rem){.css-1736von{width:100%;margin:0 auto 0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 30rem){.css-1736von{width:100%;margin:0 auto 0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1736von{width:100%;margin:0 auto 0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1736von{width:100%;margin:0 auto 0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1736von{width:100%;margin:0 auto 0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-1736von{width:100%;margin:0 auto 0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-1736von{width:100%;margin:0 auto 0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-1736von{width:100%;margin:0 auto 0.9375rem;}}.css-1736von a span{right:1rem;}.css-1736von.size-screenheight img{width:auto;height:85vh;}.css-1736von a{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;position:var(--position, relative);}.css-1736von img:not(.ewcw41w1){display:block;width:100%;height:auto;-webkit-align-self:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;}.