Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. An agreed upon definition of compassion may be a useful first step. I accept others whom I do not know even when they do things I think are wrong. 2007;3:25965. Pastoral Psychol. I accept _____ even when he or she does things I think are wrong. Cookies policy. The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing mediators. Taber KS. World Health Organization. If given the opportunity, I am willing to sacrifice in order to let _____ achieve his/her goals. 2000;49:16291. Towards an understanding of compassion from an Islamic perspective. Compassionate love represents a positive orientation towards others. Part of Lutz A, Brefczynski-Lewis J, Johnstone T, Davidson RJ. Nevertheless, empathy has been shown to be an important component of compassion as a construct [18]. See this image and copyright information in PMC. The factor loadings appear to reflect method factors rather than substantively different constructs. A quantitative approach to content validity 1. Those whom I encounter through my work and public life can assume that I will be there if they need me. Content validity was therefore acceptable for all nine items. The compassionate love scale was intended to capture an enduring prosocial and other-oriented type of love characterized by sympathy, sacrifice, and providing comfort to strangers in need (Fehr and Sprecher, 2008). Study 2 (N = 332) addressed the absence of a German measure of compassion for . Self-compassion, which consists of self-kindness, feelings of common humanity, and mindfulness, is a powerful predictor of adaptive characteristics, such as self-acceptance, life satisfaction, social connectedness, self-esteem, autonomy, and environmental mastery ( Neff, 2003b ). A revised short version of the compassionate love scale for humanity Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 677696. The internal consistency was 0.82. CM and KAA writing the manuscript and reanalyzing the data. observed Cronbach's alpha values of 0.88 for the positive affect aspect of the scale, and 0.87 for the negative affect aspect. One of the activities that provide me with the most meaning to my life is helping _______. 2005;22:629651. I very much wish to be kind and good to fellow human beings. Blackwell-Wiley. ), Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness, Mindfulness in Behavioral Health. statement and Front Psychol. The daily spiritual experience scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Please cite: . I often have tender feelings toward people (strangers) when they seem to be in need. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027. What is the Most Valid and Reliable Compassion Measure in Healthcare? (2011). 119138). How much of your free time would you spend to do work for a friend that needs your skills but cannot afford to pay you? Item Information Function (IIF) of the 21 items of the Compassionate Love Scale, Test Information Function (TIF) of the original and short Compassionate Love Scale for, MeSH Each item has a blank space where respondents are directed to fill in the name of their partner. [21] calculated bivariate correlations for both the CLS-H and CLS-H-SF; and three additional instruments which measure related psychological constructs. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.102. doi: 10.1370/afm.348. A. Simpson & J. Dovidio (Eds. ), The psychology of love (pp. Sinclair S, Russell LB, Hack TF, Kondejewski J, Sawatzky R. Patient. An Updated Comprehensive and Critical Review. Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. World Health Organization Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference; New York. In B. Fehr, S. Sprecher, & L. Underwood (Eds. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13. Google Scholar. 2021;11:3825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603385. As the shrinking hospital bed numbers and the shortening hospital length of stays expand home care needs and shift the burden of care to an ill-prepared pool of caregivers across social networks and relationships36-37 those in poor and underserved communities may be at a disproportionate risk of compassion fatigue. In fact, some researchers have been keen to distinguish between compassion and empathy, especially given that these constructs can lead to different mental health outcomes [5]. However, compassion is not merely appreciated for its practical benefits. Sabey, A. K., & Rauer, A. J. The human experience of compassionate love: Conceptual Mapping and data from selected studies. Hajizadeh E, Asghari M. Statistical methods and analyses in health and biosciences a research methodological approach. Compassion in organizational life. Compassionate love scale (Sprecher & Fehr, 2005) - The CLS consists of 21 self-report items, rated on a Likert scale from 1 (not at all true) to 7 (very true). Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 35, 285302. The scale requires participants to indicate the extent you have felt this way over the past week, before providing twenty different emotional states, including excited (item 3), upset (item 4) and guilty (item 6). (2017). J Sport Exerc Psychol. Gilbert P. Compassion: from its evolution to a psychotherapy. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Springer Nature. It can be used to foster the understanding of the impact of the level of compassion on disease occurrence and outcomes across social networks and relationships. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056439. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The monitoring and management of the level of compassion across social networks and relationships may be critical to the preservation of the health benefits and the prevention of the health hazards of social networks and relationships. The internal consistency reliability of the Sprecher and Fehr's Compassionate Love Scale in our sampled population was 0.97. A large quantity of social networks and relationships may mitigate loneliness and social isolation and thereby mediate some of the health benefits of social networks and relationships. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd edn). The use of Cronbachs alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. PDF The Development of the Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale: An ), Positive psychology of love (pp. A revised short version of the compassionate love scale for humanity However, Farsi-speaking practitioners and researchers are more likely to have encountered compassion, as it is understood in the Islamic tradition. Moral foundations theory. Fehr, B., & Russell, J. The CLS is intended for the general population and consists of two forms: one relating to close family and friends, and one focusing on strangers and humanity as a whole. (eds) Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research. Appraisal and recommendations. It is becoming increasingly apparent that compassion may mediate some of the health benefits and hazards of social networks and relationships. Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. If _____ is troubled, I usually feel extreme tenderness and caring. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01527-y. Demographic characteristics include age, gender, race/ethnicity, education status, employment status, income level, and marital status. What is compassion and how can we measure it? A - ScienceDirect.com O. N. Medvedev et al. Rubin, Z. compassionate love scale was developed that can be used, in alternative forms, to assess compassionate or altruistic love for different targets (e.g., close others and all of humankind). The Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale (SCBCS) is a five-item version of Sprecher and Fehr's (2005) 21-item Compassionate Love Scale for Humanity (CLS). I tend to feel compassion for people, even though I do not know them. Psychological, physiological, and behavioral responses to a partner in need: The role of compassionate love. If a person close to me needs help, I would do almost anything I could to help him or her. It was, in fact, one of the first instruments to measure compassion, and it focused largely on the altruistic component of the construct. In S. Duck (Ed. The AVE indicated acceptable convergent validity (AVE=0.46), while the CR value (0.86) exceeded the 0.7 cut-off suggested by Tabachnick et al. PubMed In S. G. Post, L. G. Underwood, J. P. Schloss, & W. B. Hurlbut (Eds. eCollection 2020. Google Scholar. To translate the English version of CLS-H-SF to Persian, Brislin [28] back-translation method was used. government site. Empathy: A social psychological approach. Thoits PA. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Penner, L. A., Fritzsche, B. If given the opportunity, I am willing to sacrifice in order to let the people important to me achieve their goals in life. Hwang, J., Plante, T., & Lackey, K. (2008). The panel of six comprises a male Buddhist physician researcher, a male Christian physician researcher, a female community Christian pastor, a female Muslim physician researcher, a male community Christian pastor, and a female Christian community leader. The impact of strict and forced confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic on positive functioning variables, emotional distress, and posttraumatic growth in a Spanish sample. Some comments on loves anatomy: Or whatever happened to old-fashioned lust? Berscheid, E., & Walster-Hatfield, E. (1969). Introduction Compassion is a fundamental value of healthcare professions [1] and its importance has received increasing academic consideration over recent years [2]. A revised short version of the compassionate love scale for humanity Demonstrating compassion is therefore considered by many to be a morally necessary human endeavor [9, 10]. 38 ded Compassionate Love Scale: Validity and Reliability Study Abstract: In this research, it is aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale that mea- 1). The scale is designed to identify the components of compassion critical to care giving within the context of social networks and relationship. The present study aimed to develop an abbreviated. Chi-Square)= 1342.459; p=0.0001, Number of factor extracted was based on Eigenvalues>1. When I hear about a friend or family member going through a difficult time, I feel a great deal of compassion for him or her. There were no significant differences in scores by age, race, and marital status among the respondents. Compassionate love in romantic and mother-child relationships. Radostina K. Purvanovaa and John P. Murosb. Res Sci Educ. Zajonc RB. Plante, T. G., Lackey, K., & Hwang, J. Y. Three studies (total N = 700) were then conducted to provide . ), Close relationships: A sourcebook (pp. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, et al. Am J Med. I would rather engage in actions that help others, even though they are strangers, than engage in actions that would help me. Kline RB. The scale uses a 1 (not at all true of me) to 7 (very true of me) categorical response scale and has a reported internal consistency reliability of 0.95. The Compassionate Love Scale | SpringerLink These individuals may be offered follow-up interventions to help develop their compassionate and pro-social behaviors. Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. J Pers Soc Psychol. All nine items on the scale were felt to reflect compassion by the ten respondents during the qualitative phase. Informed consent was obtained online from all participants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 480497. All the demographic variables were presented as percentages. Google Scholar. BMC Psychology None of the authors have any competing interests. [15], compassionate love is a long-term characteristic that includes empathetic feelings as well as patterns of action toward other people. CrossRef Fehr, B., & Sprecher, S. (2009b). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies A compassionate love scale was developed that can be used, in alternative forms, to assess compassionate or altruistic love for different targets (e.g., close others and all of humankind). 325). 2018;5:23559. Instead, it is celebrated by many of the worlds most prominent religious traditions [5]. (2013b). In order to determine whether the Persian CLS-H-SF shared the same single-factor structure as Chiesi et al.s [21] English language counterpart, the factor structure of the scale was explored using a confirmatory y factor analysis (CFA). Compassionate love as a mechanism linking sacred qualities of marriage to older couples marital satisfaction. 2020;29:92733. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research pp 118Cite as. Content validity index in scale development. Second, data were cross-sectional and causal implications cannot be drawn. Loewen, M. C. M. (2016). Compassion has long held an elevated position in human culture, and so debates surrounding the meaning and value of compassion can be dated back more than 2000years [11]. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. scales combined, love increases with relationship length. A back-translation method was used to translate Chiesi et al.s [21] CLS-H-SF, which ensured the CLS-H-SF was translated reliably into Persian [28]. 2021;11:3939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.615249. Hatfield, along with sociologist Susan Sprecher, created what they call the Passionate Love Scale, which is a set of questions that helps you determine if you are indeed in a passionate relationship. Compassionate love involves feelings of mutual respect, trust, and affection while passionate love involves intense feelings and sexual attraction. CrossRef Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 426434. CR values above 0.7 are felt to be acceptable [39], while a Cronbachs alpha value above 0.7 is considered a good indicator of internal reliability in the social sciences [40]. In terms of trying to operationalize compassion, an important contribution was made when Sprecher and Fehr [16] published their 21-item Compassionate Love for Humanity Scale (CLS-H) in 2005. Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. Barnett E, Casper M. A Definition of social environment. PDF The Development and Validation of the Compassion Scale 2022 Mar;61:101115. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2021.101115. 2019;28:13548. (2011). Self and Identity, 2, 22250. I spend a lot of time concerned about the well-being of those people close to me. Face validity was assessed quantitatively by surveying 10 participants to determine the impact score of each item. Do positive or negative experiences of social support relate to current and future health? Compassion in organizational life. This study hypothesized that the scores of the positive affect schedule (PAS; [24], the self-esteem scale (SES) [25] and satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) [26] would positively correlate with the Compassionate Love for humanity scale-short form (CLS-H-SF). The topic of compassionate love has therefore attracted growing interest from researchers interested in its psychological and social dimensions. During the qualitative phase, ten colleagues experienced in the use of qualitative techniques, and familiar with the compassion literature assessed all nine items. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 601629. Participants were categorized according to the employment status as employed, retired, disabled, or unemployment; and according to their income level into four groups ($<=10,000; 10,001-20,000; 20,001-40,000 and >=40,000) and according to their marital status into single, married, widowed, and divorced. Love in the fourth dimension. Cronbachs alpha for the scale was 0.88, indicating good internal consistency between items. The scale is brief and exhibits good psychometric properties34. (2013a). Working with people in crisis: Research implications In: Figley CR, editor. The .gov means its official. The psychometric properties of the compassionate love scale and the validation of the English and German 7-item compassion for others scale (COS-7). https://doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.24. 311344). In C. Hendrick & S. S. Hendrick (Eds. Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in 53 nations: exploring the universal and culture-specific features of global self-esteem. Compassionate love is defined as awareness and understanding of one's suffering, connecting with the distress, and being emotionally and cognitively moved to alleviate suffering. This is because simply sharing negative emotions has been shown to have negative psychological consequences when individuals are not offered support to process these emotions [15]. As such, the authors have translated the compassionate love for humanity scale-short form (CLS-H-SF) into the Persian language, and assessed the psychometric properties of this instrument among a sample of the Iranian population. PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0. 495522). One of the activities that provide me with the most meaning to my life is helping others in the world when they need help. The online questionnaires took an average of 40min to complete for each respondent. Psychooncology. Barnes MF. A decade later, Chiesi et al. Underwood, L. G. (2009). Methods: Compassionate Love for a Romantic Partner Across the Adult Life Span - PMC I often have tender feelings toward friends and family members when they seem to be in need. Each item on the scale is presented as a statement, for example, item 5 reads: I tend to feel compassion for people even though I do not know them.. ), The science of compassionate love: Theory, research, and applications (pp. Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (2000). How much of your future savings would you give away now to help a friend in need of financial help? Compassion motivations: Distinguishing submissive compassion from genuine compassion and its association with shame, submissive behavior, depression, anxiety and stress. 2020;23:33852. Anno 2018/FINANZIAMENTO DELLE ATTIVIT BASE DI RICERCA - FFABR, Strauss C, Taylor BL, Gu J, Kuyken W, Baer R, Jones F, et al. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was 0.82. Doshmangir L, Moshiri E, Farzadfar F. Seven decades of primary healthcare during various development plans in Iran: a historical review. On the sins of short-form development. Bookshelf A revised short version of the compassionate love scale for humanity (CLS-H-SF): evidence from item response theory analyses and validity testing. Reliability was obtained using the testretest method (0.82) and Cronbach's alpha (0.87). [21], this tool improved on the SCBCS in a number of ways, including by preserving items that provided the most information in order to maximize [the tools] effectiveness (p. 7). Kurtovic A, Vrdoljak G, Hirnstein M. Contribution to family, friends, school, and community is associated with fewer depression symptoms in adolescentsmediated by self-regulation and academic performance. Luks A. Helper's high: Volunteering makes people feel good, physically and emotionally. ), Altruism and altruistic love (pp. 203215). The demographic characteristics and compassion scores for the 310 respondents who completed the survey are shown in Table 1. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 594603. Lutz W, Cuaresma JC, Abbasi-Shavazi MJ. Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. S. (1986). In order to fully evaluate the potential for this tool, however, several limitations should be considered. Keywords: Riessman F. The helper therapy principle. The CLS-H-SF positively correlated with positive affect, self-esteem and life satisfaction, and negatively correlated with negative affect. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Item Information Function (IIF) of the 21 items of the Compassionate Love Scale for Humanity. The Compassionate Love Scale. 2016; 37. The shortened scale consisted of 9 items and performed well in measuring a large spectrum of the underlying construct with acceptable reliability. Journal of Adolescence, 9, 383410. PDF Best wishes, Kristin Neff, PhD The Compassion Scale (CS) Instructions 106120). Gender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis. Romantic love. In terms of validity, the previously observed pattern of correlations was confirmed demonstrating positive associations between compassionate love and measures of self-esteem, positive affect, and life satisfaction, as well as negative associations with negative affect and anxiety. Unpublished Masters Thesis. According to their definition, compassionate love is an "attitude toward other (s), either close others or strangers of all of humanity; containing feelings, cognitions, and behaviors that are focused on caring, concern, tenderness, and an orientation toward supporting, helping, and understanding the other (s)" (Sprecher and Fehr 2005, p. 630). Exploring the Heterogeneity and Trajectories of Positive Functioning Variables, Emotional Distress, and Post-traumatic Growth During Strict Confinement Due to COVID-19. 1975;28:56375. Book https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.19.1.91. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. I feel happy when I see that others (strangers) are happy. Compassionate love for close others and humanity However, a universally agreed upon understanding of the construct may be useful for researchers and practitioners who wish to communicate their work to one another meaningfully and effectively; especially if they come from a diverse range of cultural and disciplinary backgrounds. Correspondence to Alongside the translated CLS-H-SF, the additional scales used in this study were already translated into Persian. Not at all true of me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Very true of me. Abbas Abdollahi. [5]). Another limitation may have been brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 611625. The email script, study flyers, survey instrument and recruitment procedures were all approved by the Institutional Review Board of Charles R. Drew University. Loretta Jones, Researcher for the Clinical Research Center, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science.