It also sparks broader questions about the relative roles of the Global North and South in deciding how peace and justice are defined and operationalised within the SDGs. This push for legality has spilled into other normative texts and strategies of major relevance to forests. PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS: WHY Forest impacts may increase when the conflict dissipates (Blom and Yamindou Reference Blom and Yamindou2001) as priority is placed on generating peace dividends, including construction and the resettlement of ex-combatants. ISO - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions Under armed conflict conditions, land grabbing is more readily condoned, resulting in communities losing access to forests and their goods and services. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels: Click for the full image. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions peace In a parallel (and largely unconnected) effort, the World Bank has been supporting Ghanas proposals for REDD+ under the UNFCCC to be based on a sustainable intensification strategy for the cocoa sector. Decent work & economic growth, 9 To deliver this accountability, the VPA established a Timber Legality Assurance System (TLAS) that includes a wood-tracking system (WTS) to provide an auditable chain of custody for timber. In some cases in Colombia, the FARC used forests as cover for covert operations and/or funded their activities by selling forest resources, thereby maintaining forest cover but contributing to forest degradation (lvarez Reference lvarez2003). This overlooks how complex patronclient relations generally arise in the absence of strong state institutions with widespread legitimacy (Peluso Reference Peluso2018), and how accusations of corruption are frequently harnessed for political gain (Khan Reference Khan1998). By contrasting Swedish policies at home and abroad, Arora-Jonsson (Reference Arora-Jonsson2009, Reference Arora-Jonsson and Marsden2018) deconstructs the development divide the modern state in the Global North versus the not-quite modern state in the Global South and how this might be used to further particular interests in either place. We are living in a world that is increasingly divided. Conflict, corruption, and weak institutions provide significant barriers to the delivery of national development strategies and the SDGs. Strengthening the rule of law and promoting human rights is key to this process, as is reducing the flow of illicit arms and strengthening the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance. Partnerships for the goals, Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels, Source: [link: https://www.unodc.org/ UNODC], World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5 VC.IHR.PSRC.P5]), Source: [link: https://www.unodc.org/ UNODC], Source: [link: https://www.unodc.org/ UNODC], World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.FE.P5 VC.IHR.PSRC.FE.P5]), ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.MA.P5 VC.IHR.PSRC.MA.P5]), Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, [link: https://www.healthdata.org/gbd Global Burden of Diseases], Source: [link: https://acleddata.com/ ACLED], Source: [link: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine UNHCR], Source: World Bank. Child online sexual abuse reports to NCMEC has grown from 1 million in 2014 to 45 million in 2018. The term governance has gained increasing traction over the last few decades, reflecting changes in the locus and nature of power and authority under globalisation (Rosenau Reference Rosenau1995). Our cities produce 60-80% of global greenhouse gas emissions. programme, WFP, UNICEF, ILO and the Ministry of Social Development Provide Assistance to People with Disabilities in Hebron, The Government of Haiti launches the National Integrated Framework for Financing Haiti's Sustainable Development with the support of the United Nations system, Cash Assistance Program for Pregnant Women and Preschoolers, Kyrgyzstan accelerating its development by improving tax incentives efficiency, Improving Municipal Social Protection Service Delivery, Strategic Policy Options for SDG Financing, Making Finance Work for Transformative Change in Armenia: UN-locking Finance for Armenia 2030, Financing the Future - Aligning Budgeting, Planning and Mobilizing Financing Through an Integrated National Financing Framework, Enhancing Social Protection for Female Tea Garden Workers and their Families in Sylhet Division, Bangladesh, Funding Guidelines for the Response to Violence Against Women and Children, 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Agenda 2030, Joint Programme for Influencing Financing of Human Capital Development in Mali, Roadmap for an Inclusive Sustainable Development Goals Financing Framework, Improving the allocation of risks and resources in Mexico for sustainable development, Strengthening Namibias Financing Architecture for Enhanced Quality & Scale of Financing for SDGs, Integrating Policy and Financing for Accelerated Progress on SDGs in Uganda, The UN Joint Programme on Strengthening Social Protection in Uzbekistan, Establishment of an Integrated National Financing Framework for Sustainable Development in Uzbekistan, Towards a Universal and Holistic Social Protection Floor for Persons with Disabilities and Older Persons in the State of Palestine, Enhancing development finance and effectiveness in Rwanda through integrated and innovative approaches for National Priorities and the SDGs, Strengthening Resilience of Pacific Island States Through Universal Social Protection, Reaching the Furthest Behind 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Support, Sierra Leone - Boosting Entrepreneurs Skills with Financial and Digital Literacy Trainings, We Can Empower Youth Through Digitally Enabled Early Career Experiences, Water Scarcity and Climate Change: A Call to Action for the Youth in Iraq, Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere, End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children, Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all, By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime, Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms, Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels, Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels, Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance, By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration, Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements, Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime, Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development. The impact of implementing SDG 16 targets that promote the rule of law, transparency and justice will depend on a wide range of factors, including pre-existing formal and informal institutions, and the scales of the actors and markets involved in its implementation. 16. Under REDD+, proposals for tree tenure improve local actors ability to control and benefit from trees on their land (Asare Reference Asare2014). Green violence includes forced removal of local people from parks, killing of poachers and discourse in favour of such killings (Bscher and Ramutsindela Reference Bscher and Ramutsindela2015). The intent here is to illustrate how the assumed links between legality and sustainability should be more critically and deeply investigated. The following case study in Ghana draws on the examples of FLEGT VPA and REDD+ processes to illustrate how the way governance is understood and approached in any given intervention can further entrench existing power dynamics or lead to transformative change. Specifically, Indicators 16.5.1 and 16.5.2 require data quantifying and reporting on levels of individual and corporate bribery of public officials. In Peru and Colombia remnants of insurgence groups continue as organised crime (Pettersson and Wallensteen Reference Pettersson and Wallensteen2015). 02 December 2019. Coleman and Mwangi (Reference Coleman and Mwangi2013) find that women from households with higher levels of education and wealth are more likely to be influential participants in community forestry. Justice Bowler et al. Document - Factsheet - OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina - Democratization, Human dimension, Elections, Human dimension. Unlike other social forestry schemes, which only provide communities with rights to access forest resources, adat forest allows communities to have ownership rights over their customary forests. Sexual violence, crime, exploitation and torture are also prevalent where there is conflict or no rule of law, and countries must take measures to protect those who are most at risk. WebThe UN explains: Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals is dedicated to the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, the provision of access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable institutions at all levels. This landmark decision has been praised by many as a promising pathway for more inclusive and equitable development. A myriad of traditional, community-based management strategies are often not included in these reviews or impact studies. Moreover, the allocation is conditional on fulfilling responsibilities that communities often find difficult, such as submitting management plans and managing the forest in accordance with particular technical requirements. 16.4. affects more than 1 billion children around the world and costs societies up to US$ 7 trillion a year. Otherwise, law enforcement will reinforce inequities and unsustainable practices. In contrast, in the San Lucas mountain range, the FARC and the National Liberation Army (ELN) actively enforced bans on hunting and logging, thereby protecting some forests from degradation (Dvalos Reference Dvalos2001). Reference Bowler, Buyung-Ali and Healey2012, Gilmour Reference Gilmour2016), but inadequate evidence of improved livelihoods (Samii et al. Armed conflicts themselves exacerbate causes for grievance because of their negative impact on human capital, especially in rural settings including forest-dependent communities (Chamarbagwala and Morain Reference Chamarbagwala and Morn2011). Reference Hyden, Court and Mease2004: 16). Her comparative case studies of two forest communities, in India and Sweden, likewise illustrate the disconnect between Swedens international image as a gender champion and its local realities in forestry decision-making. You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. Corruption is costly: politically, in terms of eroding democracy and the rule of law; economically, by wasting public resources and deterring investment; and socially, by diminishing citizens trust in the political system and its leadership. The development and strengthening of legal frameworks that support all of the SDGs including those relevant to human rights, income inequalities, land tenure, gender and environmental protection requires equal or greater priority than law enforcement. Well-documented concerns about how the current legal system in Ghana perpetuates the criminality of farmers harvesting trees on their own lands effectively remain unaddressed (Hansen et al. These themes are discussed in a general sense, and then case studies illustrate key challenges and trade-offs. Most farmers have no legal rights to timber growing on their farms, and can only access their timber through illegal harvesting. Find out more. Ghanas timber harvest is three times the annual allowable cut (Hansen et al. PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS: WHYTHEY MATTER Whats the goal here? Research on the opportunities for women to be part of participatory forest structures and processes has, for example, examined which factors enable and constrain womens participation and whether womens presence has any impact on the nature and effectiveness of forest management. The effect of migration on forests also varies. Peace, justice, and strong institutions The essential role of resilient and responsive institutions. In 2017, the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina began systematically monitoring and assessing the prosecution and adjudication of corruption and organized crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This is why that's bad for everyone, is affecting economies, industries and global issues, with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale. In this context, the Mission organizes public events that enable discussions on reformrelated legislation, strengthening accountability of and increasing public trust towards democratic institutions. Reference Rustad, Rd, Larsen and Gleditsch2008). To save content items to your account, The international emphasis on conservation has, in some cases, led to green militarisation or the use of military or paramilitary personnel or techniques to protect national parks and limit poaching of wildlife (see Lunstrum Reference Lunstrum2014). How transparency, accountability and justice are conceived and prioritised shapes their impact on forests, as well as the degree to which their achievement either empowers forest-dependent peoples or excludes them from meaningful and informed engagement. However, an understanding of governance as multi-nodal, networked and contested makes it impossible to ignore how reinforcing state power may undermine other governance institutions, such as traditional and local authorities. Additionally, studies of participatory forest management tend to focus on cases where external actors are involved in conceptualising, implementing or supporting community forest activities. Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) on Plastic Pollution, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. In terms of biodiversity, the literature reports both negative (Gaynor et al. of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionists in 47 countries. The recognition of customary (adat) forests has been slower still (Myers et al. To save content items to your account, Currently, farmers have little motivation to maintain shade trees because they lack formal rights to native treesFootnote 4 and are therefore incentivised to remove shade trees to minimise the risk that the government will allocate the native trees on their farms to timber concessionaires, who will damage cocoaFootnote 5 when they remove the trees. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to significantly reduce all forms of violence, and work with governments and communities to find lasting solutions to conflict and insecurity. Monitoring would be largely based on indicators reflecting the CREMA development and management process; CREMA would report on outcomes to partner entities. Irresponsible business and the murder of land and environmental defenders in 2017, Cocoa intensification scenarios and their predicted impact on CO, Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (20062009), Environment law, regulation and governance: Shifting architectures, Revisiting illegal logging and the size of the domestic timber market: The case of Ghana, Neither fast, nor easy: The prospect of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in Ghana, Experimental or business as usual? informal village groups tasked with keeping forests and villages clean, fetching water, planting herbs in the forest) that are frequently overlooked by external actors and researchers (Arora-Jonsson Reference Arora-Jonsson2009). Reference Fairhead, Leach and Scoones2012, Kaag and Zoomers Reference Kaag and Zoomers2014, Scheidel and Work Reference Scheidel and Work2018). .chakra .wef-10kdnp0{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;line-height:1.388;}What is the World Economic Forum doing on trade facilitation? This is perhaps congruent with a dominant discourse that peace is the natural outcome of the rule of law and democratic participation. In Peru, some regions saw displacement to areas with high forest cover in search of safer, more stable living environments (Shanee and Shanee Reference Shanee and Shanee2016). The goal of creating inclusive and peaceful societies has been the driving force behind the OSCEs support to the implementation of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, including by facilitating a large network of Aarhus Centres in South Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus, and Central Asia. have a significant interrelation and are mutually reinforcing, making it essential for sustainable development at the national and international level. Reference Kull, Arnauld de Sartre and Castro-Larraaga2015). These political battles help to explain the arguably mixed messages embedded in SDG 16s 12 targets (see Table 16.1). @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. hasContentIssue false, Sustainable Development Goals:Their Impacts on Forests and People, SDG 1: No Poverty Impacts of Social Protection, Tenure Security and Building Resilience on Forests, SDG 2: Zero Hunger Challenging the Hegemony of Monoculture Agriculture for Forests and People, SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being Framing Targets to Maximise Co-Benefits for Forests and People, SDG 4: Quality Education and Forests The Golden Thread, SDG 5: Gender Equality A Precondition for Sustainable Forestry, SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation Forest-Related Targets and Their Impacts on Forests and People, SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy How Access to Affordable and Clean Energy Affects Forests and Forest-Based Livelihoods, SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth Potential Impacts on Forests and Forest-Dependent Livelihoods, SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Anticipating the Potential Impacts on Forests and Forest-Based Livelihoods, SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities An Environmental Justice Perspective on Implications for Forests and People, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Impacts on Forests and Forest-Based Livelihoods, SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Potential Benefits and Impacts on Forests and Livelihoods, SDG 13: Climate Action Impacts on Forests and People, SDG 14: Life below Water Impacts on Mangroves, SDG 15: Life on Land The Central Role of Forests in Sustainable Development, SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions A Political Ecology Perspective, SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals Focus on Forest Finance and Partnerships, Synergies, Trade-Offs and Contextual Conditions Shaping Impacts of the Sustainable Development Goals on Forests and People, The Impacts of the Sustainable Development Goals on Forests and People Conclusions and the Way Forward, Sustainable Development Goals: Their Impacts on Forests and People, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Cornell University, New York and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Reference Melander, Pettersson and Themnr, Reference Rudel, DeFries, Asner and Laurance, Reference Donovan, de Jong, Abe, de Jong, Donovan and Abe, Reference de Koning, Capistrano, Yasmi and Cerutti, Reference de Koning, de Jong, Donovan and Abe, Reference Staver, de Jong, Kaimowitz, de Jong, Donovan and Abe, Reference Price, Donovan, de Jong, de Jong, Donovan and Abe, Reference Ravikumar, Sears, Cronkleton, Menton and Prez-Ojeda del Arco, Reference Castro-Nuez, Mertz, Buritica, Sosa and Lee, Reference Rustad, Rd, Larsen and Gleditsch, Reference Khatun, Gross-Camp, Corbera, Martin, Ball and Massao, Reference Kull, Arnauld de Sartre and Castro-Larraaga, Reference Arora-Jonsson, Westholm, Petitt and Temu, Reference McDermott, Mahanty and Schreckenberg, Reference Hansen, Damnyag, Obiri and Carlsen, Reference Obiri, Bright, McDonald, Anglaaere and Cobbina, Reference Samii, Lisiecki, Kulkarni, Paler and Chavis, Reference Nunan, Menton, McDermott, Schreckenberg, Schreckenberg, Mace and Poudyal, Reference Baynes, Herbohn, Smith, Fisher and Bray, Reference Gnych, Lawry, Monterroso and Adhikary, Reference Eghenterr, Suhardjito and Purwanto, Reference Myers, Intarini, Sirait and Maryudi, Rule making in community forestry institutions: The difference women make, Gender and green governance: The political economy of womens presence within and beyond community forestry, Forests in the time of violence: Conservation implications of the Colombian War, Discordant connections: Discourses on gender and grassroots activism in two forest communities in India and Sweden, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. .chakra .wef-facbof{display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-facbof{display:block;}}You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. FLEGT mechanisms include the EU Timber Regulation, which prohibits the import of wood into the EU that was produced in violation of the laws of the country of origin (EC 2010), and Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) with partner countries in the Global South, for the development of legality licensing systems (EC 2005). In some cases, shoot-on-sight policies have been advocated (Messer Reference Messer2010). SDG 16 provides an opportunity to overcome the stereotypes of the Global North as the referential role model for peace and democracy, by highlighting the role of the North in fostering market inequalities and global conflicts, and drawing attention to barriers to democratic and inclusive participation within the Global North. SDG 16 highlights core principles of governance relevant to the design and implementation of all 17 SDGs. Timber may serve as an important means to finance armed conflicts (Castro-Nuez et al. Yet inclusive governance requires the involvement of diverse actors, and consideration for customary laws and other non-state forms of rule-making at global to local scales. Negotiations toward a post-2015 development framework, Nicaraguas frontier: The Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, The challenge of sustaining peace: Report of the advisory group of experts for the 2015 review of the United Nations peacebuilding architecture, New York Declaration on Forests Declaration and Action Agenda, Management strategies for maximizing carbon storage and tree species diversity in cocoa-growing landscapes, What is global surveillance? To date, Ghanas efforts to implement the VPA have been focused on producing FLEGT-licensed timber for export, though no FLEGT licenses have been granted in Ghana so far. 6 Government revenues under a reformed tenure system would be provided for by taxation in markets, rather than stumpage fees, which are not collected by the state when felling is illegal. Through the Political Outreach and Elections Unit, the Mission is monitoring political and other relevant activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region and assesses trends that might affect the political/security situation and its political impact on the Missions mandate implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.