Qualitative data can be further divided into nominal and ordinal. Quantitative variables are those variables that are measured in terms of numbers. To find the relative frequencies, divide each frequency by the total number of students in the samplein this case, 20. , Griffeth, V Frontiers | Compliance with health protocols in the banking , Chowdhury, MS The former difference is a difference of one easy item; the latter difference is a difference of one difficult item. An important distinction between variables is between qualitative variables and quantitative variables. (In our case, the underlying scale is the true feeling of satisfaction, which we are trying to measure.) Less than 12 miles? The attitude scale included 14 questions on a three-point Likert scale of yes/no, and I do not know, where the yes option was scored with a score of 1, and the no and I do not know options were scored with a score of zero. 20. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. In a given category, all of the procedures share some properties that are important for you to know about. Nominal Data | Definition, Examples, Data Collection & Analysis What is the independent variable? Nominal scales embody the lowest level of measurement. Assessment of occupational stress and associated factors among bank employees in Vitoria, state of Esprito Santo. Exclusion criteria included incomplete questionnaires and unwillingness to complete the questionnaires. What kind of data are the numbers of deaths? The smallest score is 0. This question consisted of four options (I do not use it, only in crowded places and gatherings, most places and always). In this study. In line with disease prevention, the performance of most personnel was evaluated positively (Table 6). Such an assertion reflects the first person's use of a verbal label that comes later in the list than the label chosen by the second person. Nominal-Level Data For the nominal level of measurement, observations of a qualitative variable are measured andrecorded as labels or names. . To find the cumulative relative frequencies, add all the previous relative frequencies to the relative frequency for the current row, as shown in Table \(\PageIndex{3}\). The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive study performed in Ahvaz in Iran during April to August 2021. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13617. In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. Like a nominal scale, it provides a name or category for each object (the numbers serve as labels). For example, there is no sense in which the ratio of \(40\) to \(20\) degrees Fahrenheit is the same as the ratio of \(100\) to \(50\) degrees; no interesting physical property is preserved across the two ratios. Table contains the total number of deaths worldwide as a result of earthquakes for the period from 2000 to 2012. Begin with the idea of the variable, in this example party affiliation. That variable has a number of attributes. Available at: https://markazsalamat.behdasht.gov.ir/ Accessed (December 10, 2022). From Table \(\PageIndex{5}\), find the number of towns that have rainfall between 2.95 and 9.01 inches. In general, the number of levels of an independent variable is the number of experimental conditions. . Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the level of compliance with health protocols and to compare the level of awareness, attitude and performance of bank employees while facing Covid-19. Data that is measured using the interval scale is similar to ordinal level data because it has a definite ordering but there is a difference between data. The differences between the data have meaning. Table 5: Direct hits by mainland United States Hurricanes (1851-2004), National Hurricane Center. , Zhang, L, et al. (2) Monitoring for strict implementation of health protocols. BFD and LIG shared in article writing. And in addition, the same ratio at two places on the scale also carries the same meaning. Differences make sense. Putting pizza first and sushi second is not meaningful. Consider the following example in which subjects are asked to remember as many items as possible from a list of 10. What percentage of the students have from one to three siblings? Airplane nautical miles (NMs) should be converted into statute miles (SMs) or regular miles when submitting a voucher using the formula (1 NM equals 1.15077945 SMs). Find the percentage of heights that fall between 61.95 and 65.95 inches. Once you have a set of data, you will need to organize it so that you can analyze how frequently each datum occurs in the set. For example, there is no way to be sure that a treatment that reduces pain from a rated pain level of 3 to a rated pain level of 2 represents the same level of relief as a treatment that reduces pain from a rated pain level of 7 to a rated pain level of 6. The minimum and maximum scoring in these 10 questions were between 0 and 10. Unlike nominal scales, ordinal scales allow comparisons of the degree to which two subjects possess the dependent variable. Some examples of quantitative variables are height, weight, and shoe size. Awareness is a necessary base for creating preventive beliefs, forming a positive attitude and promoting positive behaviors. The results of the general information of the participants regarding the corona disease. WebDoes the mean represent the center of the data? A simple way to round off answers is to carry your final answer one more decimal place than was present in the original data. , Mekonen, AM WebThe level of measurement refers to the relationship among the values that are assigned to the attributes for a variable. A relative frequency is the ratio (fraction or proportion) of the number of times a value of the data occurs in the set of all outcomes to the total number of outcomes. Like an ordinal scale, the objects are ordered (in terms of the ordering of the numbers). When organizing data, it is important to know how many times a value appears. Increased workload, physical exhaustion, inappropriate personal equipment and disease transmission may have significant effects on the physical and mental health of employees (7, 8). What percentage of the students in your class have no siblings? The essential point about nominal scales is that they do not imply any ordering among the responses. In virtually any form, data represent the measured value of variables. The answer is No. , and Wiysonge, CS Then click the drop-down arrow to select the level of measurement for that variable: Scale, Ordinal, or Nominal. Smartphone companies are another example of nominal scale data. Can blueberries slow down aging? Modeling compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: the critical role of trust in science. You can watch it below or scroll down if you prefer reading. Moreover, In the bank environment, due to the high number of customers, limited space, insufficient ventilation, common contact surfaces and long working hours, the conditions for the transmission of airborne viral diseases are provided (4). Interval scales are not perfect, however. Implementing health protocols in the workplace along with Next Tutorial: Visualizing Data with Bar, Pie and Pareto Charts. Work. J Community Health. Consequences of level of measurement Why are we so interested in the type of scale that measures a dependent variable? Results: A total of 199 bank employees from 25 bank branches participated in the study. Levels of Measurement In order to use statistics, we need data to analyze. If an experiment compares an experimental treatment with a control treatment, then the independent variable (type of treatment) has two levels: experimental and control. The Richter scale is used to quantify the energy produced by an earthquake. Interested in learning more? The sum of the values in the relative frequency column of Table \(\PageIndex{2}\) is \(\frac{20}{20}\), or 1. Table 3. Received: 22 December 2022; Accepted: 12 June 2023; Published: 27 June 2023. MS, LIG, and BFD designed the study proposal and questionnaire, analyzed the data, and co-wrote the paper. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031898, 22. Web(Psychological measurement is often referred to as psychometrics .) To conclude, the levels of measurement can be either qualitative or quantitative. Temperature scales like Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F) are measured by using the interval scale. Table 2. In another study by Bijani and Jabari the results stated that the level of anxiety about corona virus was related to the level of knowledge (27). , and Jaberi, A , Shah, SH Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of compliance with health protocols and measure the level of awareness, attitude and performance of bank employees while facing Covid-19. The results of a study in the banking sector by Yasmin et al. In this study, \(19\)-month-old rats (equivalent to \(60\)-year-old humans) were fed either their standard diet or a diet supplemented by either blueberry, strawberry, or spinach powder. Public Health. Also, many studies stated that bank staff are exposed to a variety of occupational stressors and illnesses, which can lead to serious physiological and psychological harm (46). Like an interval scale, the same difference at two places on the scale has the same meaning. , and Heald, A Therefore, surface disinfection, frequent hand washing, physical distancing and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are recommended preventive measures (16). A. Another example of a ratio scale is the amount of money you have in your pocket right now (25 cents, 55 cents, etc.). . 84% of the bank branches did not have any control measure at the entrance of banks to prevent the entry of customers suspected of Covid-19. What fraction of the people surveyed commute five or seven miles? Performance questions in order to prevent the disease of Covid-19. Personal protective equipment (PPE) and infection among healthcare workers - what is the evidence? In psychology, we are interested in people, so we might get a group of people together and measure their levels of stress (one variable), anxiety (a second variable), and their physical health (a third variable). (supplements: beta-carotene or placebo), What is the dependent variable? What is the independent variable? Qualitative data is split into two, as well. The Levels of Measurement in Statistics - ThoughtCo 4 levels of measurement. The results of the level of awareness of the corona disease in the participants. Qanche, Q Variables shown in Kelvins are ratios, as we have a true 0, and we can make the claim that one temperature is 2 times more than another. Preventing transmission of Covid-19 requires awareness and individual willingness to adhere to preventive measures (15). Kargarian-Marvasti, S in other communities (22, 23), which indicates that women are more committed to preventive measures (24). , Scognamiglio, A Data that is measured using an ordinal scale is similar to nominal scale data but there is a big difference. Data that is measured using the ratio scale takes care of the ratio problem and gives you the most information. A review of current interventions for COVID-19 prevention. The percentage of heights that are more than 65.95 inches is: ____. (2020) 382:e41. Rating scales are used frequently in psychological research. Analysis of change in knowledge, attitude, and practices about COVID-19 following and awareness session in rural population of Western India. In contrast, the dependent variable memory test is a quantitative variable since memory performance was measured on a quantitative scale (number correct). Values of the variable religion differ qualitatively; no ordering of religions is implied. 4. , Salaroli, LB Materials and methods: The data collection tool included a checklist and two questionnaires (demographic information and the other on the awareness, attitude and performance of bank staff) regarding the coronavirus. Stop watches are of no use, of course, when it comes to measuring someone's attitude towards a political candidate. LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT , Anderson, SG In general, the independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter and its effects on the dependent variable are measured. , Whyte, M They are (from lowest to highest level): To conclude, the levels of measurement can be either qualitative or quantitative. Factors determining the knowledge and prevention practice of healthcare workers towards COVID-19 in Amhara region, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional survey. Understanding how to visualize data seems like the perfect beginning to that journey. Meanwhile, this group of working individuals plays an important role in providing public services to society. (2021) 16:e0245753. Variables such as number of children in a household are called discrete variables since the possible scores are discrete points on the scale. There are three levels of measurement: The nominal level of measurement: A nominal-level variable is comprised of values that can be named but not ranked or quantified. The G power software was used to calculate the sample size. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044202, 24. The checklist items included the correct use of face masks, compliance with physical distance, access to disinfectants in the workplace, the condition of the ventilation system, and use of shared equipment by clients. J Hosp Infect. , Hosseini, SA Moreover, according to the report by Irans central bank, 260 bank employees have died of corona virus infection in the first months of pandemic in Iran in 2020 (20). Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. Work-related stress in the banking sector: a review of incidence, correlated factors, and major consequences. For example, experimental subjects may be asked to rate their level of pain, how much they like a consumer product, their attitudes about capital punishment, their confidence in an answer to a test question. Such a claim would depend on an arbitrary decision about where to start the temperature scale, namely, what temperature to call zero (whereas the claim is intended to make a more fundamental assertion about the underlying physical reality). Because of rounding, the relative frequency column may not always sum to one, and the last entry in the cumulative relative frequency column may not be one. If you want to figure out how to do it based on its type, thats something we covered in this tutorial. Create a frequency table. Although procedures for measurement differ in many ways, they can be classified using a few fundamental categories. These questions were answered by yes/no and I do not know. Now, its time to move onto the other classification levels of measurement. Studies. For example, trying to classify people according to their favorite food does not make any sense. Once we have data on these three variables, we can use statistics to understand if and how they are related. (2020) 51:3634. Some calculations generate numbers that are artificially precise. Find the percentage of rainfall that is less than 9.01 inches. Cancer rates for women taking the betacarotene supplement did not differ systematically from the cancer rates of those women taking the placebo. Petarli, GB Data In this regard, 94.9% of male employees and 100% of female employees were in favor of restricting travel to high-risk areas, 93% of female employees and 91% of male employees were in favor of quarantining infected patients in special hospitals, 100% of female employees and 98% of male employees were in favor of closing educational centers (kindergartens, schools and universities). The results of the study showed that male employees follow preventive measures less than female employees. The score 92 is more than the score 68 by 24 points. *Correspondence: Behzad Fouladi Dehaghi, bdehaghi@gmail.com, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1129578, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). An Introduction to Psychological Statistics (Foster et al. What is the relative frequency of deaths that occurred in 2000 or before? In order to achieve proper performance in controlling and reducing the covid-19 disease among bank employees and other workers, these items are newsworthy: (1) Providing and training the correct use of protective equipment including face masks. get rosters from each team and choose a simple random sample from each. Now, there is another scale, called Kelvin, which has a true 0. Table was produced: Table represents the amount, in inches, of annual rainfall in a sample of towns. The Fahrenheit scale for temperature has an arbitrary zero point and is therefore not a ratio scale. , Asefa, A Nominal scale data are not ordered. . Levels of Measurement - City University of New York The difference between \(30\) degrees and \(40\) degrees represents the same temperature difference as the difference between \(80\) degrees and \(90\) degrees. Zhang, M The differences between interval scale data can be measured though the data does not have a starting point. The reported symptoms of Covid-19 include respiratory symptoms with acute respiratory distress syndrome, which ultimately leads to patient death in the most severe cases (1). In other cases, no significant difference was observed between the average scores of awareness, attitude and performance of individuals in both groups based on demographic variables (p>0.05). And in 100% of the studied bank branches, the customers used commonly shared devices such as pens and stamps. According to the results, most of the participants answered the questions correctly (it shows a high level of awareness in the participants). They arent numbers and cannot be ordered. Like the nominal scale data, ordinal scale data cannot be used in calculations. It is not necessary to reduce most fractions in this course. 10. Well, as you may have guessed, they are also split into two groups: interval and ratio. . Money is measured on a ratio scale because, in addition to having the properties of an interval scale, it has a true zero point: if you have zero money, this implies the absence of money. , Thomson, G The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. However, a study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute suggests this is false. Work. . How did I find that out? (2021) 5. doi: 10.46827/ejhrms.v5i1.1010, 14. (2020) 10:e044202. , and Jha, AK The highest is the ratio level of measurement. So, now that you know all levels of measurement, you will be able to move onto deeper statistics subjects. Imagine, for example, that a cognitive psychologist wants to measure a persons working memory capacityhis or her ability to hold in mind and think about several pieces of information all at the same time. WebThe nominal level of measurement is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1772988, 16. (time to hit brakes), University of Missouris Affordable and Open Access Educational Resources Initiative. Of course, the practicalities of measurement preclude most measured variables from being truly continuous. The calculated sample size was 199. , Sernia, S, et al. , Marashi, SMH What fraction of towns surveyed get between 11.03 and 13.05 inches of rainfall each year? Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. The percentage of heights that are from 67.95 to 73.95 inches is: ____. After eight weeks, the rats were given memory and motor skills tests. These questions were answered by yes/no and I do not know. Most things we observe in the real world are ratios. A study indicates that antioxidants found in blueberries may slow down the process of aging. For this reason, it does not make sense to say that \(80\) degrees is twice as hot as \(40\) degrees. Brain Behav Immun. 75.1% of all fatal traffic crashes for the period from 1994 to 2011 happened from 1994 to 2006. . The criteria for entering the study include responding to at least 5 bank customers during working hours. . Such nonsense arises because favorite color is a nominal scale, and taking the average of its numerical labels is like counting the number of letters in the name of a snake to see how long the beast is. Also, the performance of female employees (with an average of 93.2) was significantly better than male employees (with an average of 87.2; t=2.710, p=0.03). Michailidis, M Intervals are not as common. Visualizing Data with Contingency Tables and Scatter Plots, Calculating and Using Covariance and Linear Correlation Coefficient, Probability Distribution: Understanding Discrete Uniform Distribution, Obtaining Standard Normal Distribution Step-By-Step, Visualizing Data with Bar, Pie and Pareto Charts, False Positive vs. False Negative: Type I and Type II Errors in Statistical Hypothesis Testing. This finding has also been stated by Qanche et al. True or False: Three percent of the people surveyed commute three miles. . What type of measure scale is being used? doi: 10.4103/0972-6748.328786, 27. This means that if you have data measured to the nearest tenth of a unit, report the final statistic to the nearest hundredth. The average happens to be 3, but you can see that it would be senseless to conclude that the average favorite color is yellow (the color with a code of 3). Arch Med Res. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. For a dependent variable such as favorite color, you can simply note the color-word (like red) that the subject offers. When measuring using a nominal scale, one simply names or categorizes responses. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating compliance with health protocols and also comparing the level of awareness, attitude and performance of bank staffs in the face of the Covid-19 virus during the outbreak. According to the results, the actions of most of the participants were as follows: 82% of male employees and 57% of female employees did not leave home and 75% of the two groups avoided unnecessary travel. , Ghosh, G Can blueberries slow down aging? (2022):13. doi: 10.31584/jhsmr.2022871, Keywords: COVID-19, bank, staff, health, prevention, protocol, Citation: Ghavamabadi LI, Shabab M, Dehaghi BF and Hoveizi F (2023) Compliance with health protocols in the banking sector facing Covid-19. The top five national parks in the United States can be ranked from one to five but we cannot measure differences between the data. (2005) 24:1237. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Data Levels and Measurement - Statistics Solutions , Ghavamabadi, LI Pan Afr Med J. Brazil Ciencia Saude Coletiva. The study found that only 24% of bank branches meet national requirements related to the prevention of COVID-19. What is the frequency of deaths measured from 2006 through 2009? What is the percentage of deaths that occurred in 2004? , Lorini, C Checking the risk of contracting the coronavirus also included two questions on a Likert scale with options ranging from very little to very much. The frequency for three miles should be one; for two miles (left out), two. The ratio scale of measurement is the most informative scale. Also, the results of several studies stated that peoples performance in facing the corona disease can be affected by factors including the availability of information sources, awareness, attitude and socio-demographic characteristics (1719). Five questions were also asked regarding coronavirus anxiety. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Henan China. , Zilae, M, et al.