Yemen is the birthplace of the Arabs and the language; Qahtanite Arabs the original Arabs originated in Yemen. They worshipped El-Maqah and believed that they were his children. [100], The first Zaidi imam, Yahya ibn al-Husayn, arrived in Yemen in 893 AD. At the time, Yemen was the most advanced region in Arabia. )13.06% (2019 est. The imam was able to regain them temporarily in 1818, but new intervention by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt in 1833 again wrested the coast from the ruler in Sana'a. [188] The Ottomans appeased the tribes by forgiving their rebellious chiefs and appointing them to administrative posts. Imam al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din ruled over the northern highlands including Sana'a, while Aden was held by the last Tahiride Sultan 'Amir ibn Dauod. [110] Ali was married to Asma bint Shihab, who governed Yemen with her husband. The war was resolved with a ceasefire and negotiations brokered by the Arab League, where it was declared that unification would eventually occur. The National Liberation Front (NLF) of Yemen was formed with the leadership of Qahtan Muhammad Al-Shaabi. According to Muqaddasi, Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the tenth century. [261] In 2012, he was forced to resign from power, though he remained an important actor in Yemeni politics, allying with the Houthis during their takeover in the mid-2010s. He subsequently escaped to Oman and then moved to Saudi Arabia and asked the GCC to intervene militarily in Yemen to protect the legitimate government from the Houthis. Shias are primarily Zaydi and also have significant minorities of Ismaili[372] and Twelver[372][373] Shias. Given the low literacy rate in the country, television is the main source of news for Yemenis. The Saharo-Arabian element dominates in the coastal plains, eastern mountain, and the eastern and northern desert plains. [393] After the unification of Yemen in 1990, the Yemeni government reformed its corporations and founded some additional radio stations that broadcast locally. A new government formed. )-16.7% (2015 est. Ali Abdullah Saleh, also spelled l Abd Allh li, (born March 21, 1942, Bayt al-Amar, North Yemendied December 4, 2017, Sanaa, Yemen), Yemeni military officer and president of North Yemen (19781990) until its unification with the south, after which he served as president of reunified Yemen (19902012). Yemen is part of the homeland of the South Semitic languages. Access to water supply sanitation is low. His father died while he was still young and after divorcing Salehs mother. [320], On 14 September 2020, Human Rights Watch demanded an end to the interference caused by Houthi rebels and other authorities in Yemen aid operations, as millions of lives dependent on the aid operations were being put at risk.[321]. [306] Human Rights Watch reported on discrimination and violence against women as well as on the abolition of the minimum marriage age of fifteen for women. He was previously the Vice President from 1994 to 2012. This would develop into a political party. [349] Yemen is a largely tribal society. There are mixed communities in the larger cities. In 1876, the Hashid and Bakil tribes rebelled against the Ottomans; the Turks had to appease them with gifts to end the uprising.[190]. The weakening of the Rasulid provided an opportunity for the Banu Taher clan to take over and establish themselves as the new rulers of Yemen in 1454 AD. [15] Several dynasties emerged in the 9th to 16th centuries, such as the Rasulid dynasty. [84] Christian sources portray Dhu Nuwas (Yousef Asar) as a Jewish zealot, while Islamic traditions say that he threw 20,000 Christians into pits filled with flaming oil. Fasilides of Ethiopia sent three diplomatic missions to Yemen, but the relations did not develop into a political alliance, as Fasilides had hoped, due to the rise of powerful feudalists in his country. Following this, Yemen has increased its education spending from 5% of GDP in 1995 to 10% in 2005. The coalition included the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Jordan, Morocco, Sudan, Egypt, and Pakistan. However, by the end of the year, Yemen claimed that 3,000 soldiers had been killed in renewed fighting. ANSWER. [392], Health care services are particularly scarce in rural areas. The Tihmah ("hot lands" or "hot earth") form a very arid and flat coastal plain along Yemen's entire Red Sea coastline. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 2014 in October 2011 calling for an end to the violence and completing a power transfer deal. Saudi Arabia aided the royalists in their attempt to defeat the Republicans and did not recognize the Yemen Arab Republic until 1970. The Zaydi highland tribes emerged as national heroes[139] by offering stiff, vigorous resistance to the Turkish occupation. )solar: 15.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est. This article is about the country in West Asia. )geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. October: Replaces Prime minister Ghani with Abdul Karim Iryani. Since 20142015, the country has been in a civil war (alongside the Saudi Arabianled military intervention aimed at restoring Hadi's government after the Houthi takeover) with several proto-state entities claiming to govern Yemen: the internationally recognized Cabinet of Yemen/Presidential Leadership Council, the Houthi-led Supreme Revolutionary Committee/Supreme Political Council, and the secessionist Southern Transitional Council. [98] The history of this dynasty is obscure. Between 700 and 680 BC, the Kingdom of Awsan dominated Aden and its surroundings and challenged the Sabaean supremacy in the Arabian South. [138] The Mamluk army, with the support of forces loyal to Zaydi Imam Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din, conquered the entire realm of the Tahiride but failed to capture Aden in 1517. This included Saudi Arabia. [146] The Ottoman accountant-general in Egypt remarked:[146]. [204] Imam Yahya agreed to release Saudi hostages and the surrender of the Idrisis to Saudi custody. After the Ottoman departure in 1918, he sought to recapture the lands of his Qasimid ancestors. Gen. (since 19 April 2022); Vice Chairperson, Presidential Council Abdullah Al-Alimi BA WAZIR (since 19 April 2022); Vice Chairperson, Presidential Council Uthman Hussain Faid al-MUJALI (since 19 April 2022); Vice Chairperson, Presidential Council TARIQ Muhammad Abdallah Salih, Brig. [86] Many tribes did not recognize Esimiphaios's authority. Last week, the Biden administration said it would exempt certain transactions involving the Houthis from sanctions. Sharahil had reinforcements from the Bedouins of the Kinda and Madh'hij tribes, eventually wiping out the Christian community in Najran. The southern secessionist movement was revitalized in 2007. Saleh was born in March 1947 in the Bait el-Ahmar village in Sanhan District. [311] In December 2021, The Guardian revealed, Saudi Arabia used "incentives and threats" as part of a pressure campaign to end a UN inquiry into human rights infringements in Yemen. Another security issue he is busy with is the Yemeni military which suffers form a sharp division, since Major General Ali Mohsen Saleh defected in late March 2011 in the midst of protests demanding Salehs ouster. [232] During these tensions, both the northern and southern armies (which had never integrated) gathered on their respective frontiers. In the wake of the Persian Gulf crisis, the ACC has remained inactive. Saleh attended the local Qurnic school and joined the army in 1958. Read about our approach to external linking. Mansur played a role in the Aden Emergency, and after South Yemen gained its independence, he held numerous military posts before becoming the Major General. By 2012, Yemen had 401,000 active personnel. This area, now heavily terraced to meet the demand for food, receives the highest rainfall in Arabia, rapidly increasing from 100mm (3.9in) per year to about 760mm (29.9in) in Taiz and over 1,000mm (39.4in) in Ibb. 1958: Joins the army only 16 years old. It took 700 tons of coal for a round-trip from Suez to Bombay. Ground fighting between Houthi-aligned forces and anti-Houthi groups backed by the Saudi-led coalition continued through 2016. Mehri is the largest South Semitic language spoken in the nation, with more than 70,000 speakers. The Houthis forced Mansur to resign on January 22, 2015, after he raised the fuel subsidies. Before his appointment as Vice President, he was briefly the Minister of Defense. A new ceasefire was agreed upon in February 2010. [210] The Federation of South Arabia was created by the British to counter Arab nationalism by giving more freedom to the rulers of the nations. )beer: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The Ottomans learned from their previous experience and worked on the disempowerment of local lords in the highland regions. In late April Saleh announced that he had accepted a transition plan sponsored by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). ), total subscriptions: 15 million (2021 est. [178] The British evicted the Sultan of Lahej from Aden and forced him to accept their "protection". [85], Esimiphaios was a local Christian lord, mentioned in an inscription celebrating the burning of an ancient Sabaean palace in Marib to build a church on its ruins. [111] The Khutba during Friday prayers was proclaimed in both her husband's name and hers. [10] Its constitutionally stated capital, and largest city, is Sanaa. ), total: 45.54 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 50.87 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 39.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est. In November 2019, HADI's government and the STC signed a power-sharing agreement to end the fighting between them, and in December 2020, the signatories formed a new cabinet. In the south, pre-independence economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city of Aden. )exports of goods and services: 7.5% (2017 est. After the war, the North complained about the South's help from foreign countries. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became the People's Republic of Southern Yemen (colloquially known as South Yemen). The United States announced that it was assisting with intelligence, targeting, and logistics. Breisinger, C., Diao, X., Collion, M. H., & Rondot, P. (2011). Some agricultural practices are drying the Sana'a Basin and displaced vital crops, which has resulted in increasing food prices. [80] The Lakhmids were a Bulwark of Persia, which was intolerant to a proselytizing religion like Christianity. 1942: Born in Bayt al-Ahmar as a member of the Sanhan tribe of the Hashid tribe. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. When the last Ayyubid ruler left Yemen in 1229, Umar stayed in the country as caretaker. In late May, after some formal changes to the agreement had been made, Salehs representatives announced that he was prepared to sign. Yemen - Central Intelligence Agency In February 2001 constitutional amendments put forth by Saleh and the GPC to extend the presidential term from five to seven years and the legislatures term from four to six years were passed in a national referendum. [145] Of 80,000 soldiers sent to Yemen from Egypt between 1539 and 1547, only 7,000 survived. [51] The Sabaeans built the Great Dam of Marib around 940 BC. It is the 30th highest in the world. The Houthis are allied with former President Saleh, and are said to be backed by Iran. The Yemeni national football team participates internationally. Emergency services, such as ambulance service and blood banks, are non-existent. [152][153] By 1568, only Zabid remained under the possession of the Turks. Islam is the state religion of Yemen. The term probably referred to the southwestern coastline of the Arabian peninsula and the southern coastline between Aden and Hadramout. [247] Since December 2009, U.S. strikes in Yemen have been carried out by the U.S. military with intelligence support from the CIA. [153], The Zaydi tribesmen in the northern highlands particularly those of Hashid and Bakil, were ever the Turkish bugbear in all Arabia. Under the treaty, Imam Yahya was recognized as an autonomous leader of the Zaydi northern highlands. [388][389][390][391], Despite the significant progress Yemen has made to expand and improve its health care system over the past decade, the system remains severely underdeveloped. SALIH's refusal to sign an agreement led to further violence. Last month Mr Trump's Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo, announced that the Houthis were being designated a "terrorist organisation". The Qasimid state was the strongest Zaydi state to ever exist. [231], An accord between northern and southern leaders was signed in Amman, Jordan on 20 February 1994, but this could not stop the civil war. The United Nations says Yemen is the world's worst humanitarian crisis, with 80% of the population in need of aid or protection. Saleh remained almost uncontested in his seat of power until 2011, when local frustration at his refusal to hold another round of elections, as combined with the impact of the 2011 Arab Spring, resulted in mass protests. The current President is Ali Abdullah Saleh and the Prime Minister is Ali Mohammed Mujur. A man named 'Abhala ibn Ka'ab Al-Ansi expelled the remaining Persians and claimed he was a prophet of Rahman. [98] By virtue of its location, the Ziyadid dynasty of Zabid developed a special relationship with Abyssinia. )imports: 22,000 metric tons (2020 est. [160] Imam al-Nasir Hassan was arrested in 1585 and exiled to Constantinople, thereby putting an end to the Yemeni rebellion. This era marked the collapse of ancient South Arabian civilization since the greater part of the country was under several independent clans until the arrival of Islam in 630 AD. Large settlements for their era existed in the mountains of northern Yemen as early as 5000 BC.[43]. Many of Yemen's significant poets and authors, like Ali Ahmed Ba Kathir, Muhammad al-Sharafi, and Wajdi al-Ahdal, have written dramatic works; poems, novels, and short stories by Yemeni authors like Mohammad Abdul-Wali and Abdulaziz Al-Maqaleh have also been adapted for the stage. Reuters Yemeni President Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi announced the transfer of power in a televised statement Yemen's president has sacked his deputy and transferred power to a leadership council. As a result of funding cuts, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) stated that the UN agencies were forced to either close or reduce more than 75 per cent of its programs that year alone, affecting more than 8 million people. ), general assessment: Yemen continues to provide an exceptionally challenging market for telcos; civil unrest has caused havoc and devastation across most parts of the country, while the threat of sanctions has also made it a challenging environment in which to operate; a large proportion of the population requires humanitarian assistance, and there is little disposable income for services upon which telcos can generate revenue; essential telecom infrastructure, such as mobile towers and fiber cabling, has often been targeted, destroyed, or damaged by the opposing sides in the ongoing conflict; these difficulties have proved to be a disincentive to telcos investing in infrastructure, with the result that the country lacks basic fixed-line infrastructure, and mobile services are based on outdated GSM; this has prevented the development of a mobile broadband sector, or the evolution of mobile data services; the ownership of telecommunication services, and the scrutiny of associated revenues and taxes, have become a political issue in Yemen; until telecom infrastructure can be improved across Yemen, and until civil unrest eases, there will be little progress for the sector (2022)domestic: fixed-line teledensity is 4 per 100 but mobile cellular is 46 per 100 (2021)international: country code - 967; landing points for the FALCON, SeaMeWe-5, Aden-Djibouti, and the AAE-1 international submarine cable connecting Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Southeast Asia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti (2020), state-run TV with 2 stations; state-run radio with 2 national radio stations and 5 local stations; stations from Oman and Saudi Arabia can be accessed, total: 8,229,624 (2022 est. [282], A number of Red Sea islands, including the Hanish Islands, Kamaran, and Perim, as well as Socotra in the Arabian Sea, belong to Yemen; the largest of these is Socotra. The history of Yemeni theatre dates back at least a century, to the early 1900s. Yemen's president steps down in effort to end 7-year civil war : NPR [159] After al-Mutahhar's demise in 1572, the Zaydi community was not united under an imam; the Turks took advantage of their disunity and conquered Sana'a, Sa'dah, and Najran in 1583. The Shia insurgency in Yemen began in June 2004 when dissident cleric Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, head of the Zaidi Shia sect, launched an uprising against the Yemeni government. [154] However, the Turkish army in Egypt was reluctant to go to Yemen due to their knowledge of the hegemony of the northern Yemenis. The Zaydis were dispersed and a truce was signed with the Ayyubid in 1219. President Saleh resigned on February 25, 2012, after the Yemeni Revolution. Yousef avenged his people with great cruelty. [339], Together with partners, UNICEF has advanced its efforts and provided access to safe and sustained drinking water to 8.8 million people (5.3 million children) in Yemen. [150] Disregarding the delicate balance of power in Yemen by acting tactlessly, he alienated different groups within Yemeni society, causing them to forget their rivalries and unite against the Turks. Urgent action is needed to address the . [166] The Ottomans were not ready to lose Mecca after Yemen, so they sent an army from Egypt to fight the Yemenites. Even before the revolution, Yemen's water situation had been described as increasingly dire by experts who worried that Yemen would be the first country to run out of water. expected to name his new Yemen envoy as Tim Lenderking, an experienced diplomat and Middle East specialist, the Houthis were being designated a "terrorist organisation", Anger in Paris after police kill teen in traffic stop, South Koreans become a year younger under new law, Superman: Legacy finds its Superman and Lois Lane, Sacked teacher vows to defend 20 years of absence, Illegal trade in AI child sex abuse images exposed. 1980: Saleh and the rebellious forces of the National Democratic Front (NDF) makes a deal about a national unity government with land reform and non-aligned foreign policy as the main political issues. In 2015, President Obama gave a green light to the Saudi-led campaign, partly to ease the Kingdom's anger over the Iran nuclear deal. The Republic of Yemen accepted responsibility for all treaties and debts of its predecessors, the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). In March 2011, police snipers opened fire on a pro-democracy camp in Sana'a, killing more than 50 people. In 2001, violence surrounded a referendum, which apparently supported extending Saleh's rule and powers. Football is the most popular sport in Yemen. [193] The Zaydi imam did not recognize the Anglo-Ottoman border agreement of 1905 on the grounds that it was made between two foreign powers occupying Yemen. Nowhere else in the world do 37% of Socotra's 825 plants, 90% of its reptiles and 95% of its snails occur. A major reorganization of the armed forces continues. The Biden administration had already put a temporary halt on arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the UAE. [20][21][22][23][24] The ongoing humanitarian crisis and conflict has received widespread criticism for having a dramatic worsening effect on Yemen's humanitarian situation, that some say has reached the level of a "humanitarian disaster"[25] and some have even labelled it as a genocide.[26][27][28]. Category:Rulers of Yemen - Wikipedia The Election Commission reported that 65 percent of registered voters in Yemen voted during the election. In January 2011, as a wave of popular protests swept through the Middle East and North Africa, demonstrations calling for Saleh to step down as president were held in Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation and changed the country's name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. In the 2003 legislative elections the GPC further strengthened its position in parliament, and in the presidential elections of September 2006 Saleh was reelected to another term as president. [97] Al-Kindi, known by his nickname "Talib al-Haqq" (seeker of truth), established the first Ibadi state in the history of Islam but was killed in Taif around 749. Cabinet of Yemen - Wikipedia ), limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, widespread lack of access: due to conflict, poverty, floods, high food and fuel prices - the number of food insecure people was projected to increase by over 1 million to 17.4 million between January and May 2022, increasing to 19 million starting from June until the end of the year; economic conditions in the country remain dire; the conflict is further hampering the already constrained livelihood activities and humanitarian access; income earning opportunities have declined due to COVID19related business disruptions (2022), particulate matter emissions: 44.96 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. "[76], According to Islamic traditions, King As'ad the Perfect mounted a military expedition to support the Jews of Yathrib. President of Yemen - Current Heads of State He graduated in 1966 after receiving a military scholarship to study in Britain, where he also learned to speak English. 1994 May 5-July 7: Civil war between the south and north, which Saleh wins. The NLF hoped to destroy all the sultanates and eventually unite with the Yemen Arab Republic. ), number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 8annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 336,310 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 3.27 million (2018) mt-km, 17note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the typical length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.), 40note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control, 641 km gas, 22 km liquid petroleum gas, 1,370 km oil (2013), total: 71,300 km (2005)paved: 6,200 km (2005)unpaved: 65,100 km (2005), total: 30by type: general cargo 2, oil tanker 1, other 27 (2022), major seaport(s): Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla, Republic of Yemen Government (ROYG) forces; Ministry of Defense: Yemeni National Army, Air Force and Air Defense, Navy and Coastal Defense Forces, Border Guard, Strategic Reserve Forces (includes Special Forces and Presidential Protection Brigades, which are under the Ministry of Defense but responsible to the president), Popular Committee Forces (aka Popular Resistance Forces; government-backed tribal militia); Ministry of Interior: Special Security Forces (paramilitary; formerly known as Central Security Forces), Political Security Organization (state security), National Security Bureau (intelligence), Counterterrorism Unit Saudi-backed forces: paramilitary/militia border security brigades based largely on tribal or regional affiliation (deployed along the Saudi-Yemen border)United Arab Emirates-backed forces include tribal and regionally-based militia and paramilitary forces (concentrated in the southern governates): Southern Transitional Council (STC) forces, including the Security Belt Forces, the Shabwani and Hadrami Elite Forces, the Support and Backup Forces (aka Logistics and Support Forces), Facilities Protection Forces, and Anti-Terrorism Forces; Republican Forces; Joint ForcesHouthi: ground, aerospace (air, missile), naval/coastal defense, presidential protection, special operations, and militia/tribal auxiliary forces (2023)note 1: under the 2019 Riyadh Agreement, the STC forces were to be incorporated into Yemens Ministries of Defense and Interior under the authority of the HADI governmentnote 2: a considerable portion--up to 70 percent by some estimates--of Yemens military and security forces defected in whole or in part to former president SALAH and the Houthi opposition in 2011-2015, prior to the start of the civil war in 2014, annual military expenditures were approximately 4-5% of Yemen's GDP, information limited and widely varied; Yemen Government: up to 300,000 estimated military, paramilitary, militia, and other security forces; UAE- and Saudi-backed forces: estimated 150-200,000 trained militia and paramilitary fighters; Houthis: up to 200,000 estimated fighters (2022), the inventory of the Yemeni Government forces consists primarily of Russian and Soviet-era equipment, although much of it has been lost in the current conflict; since the start of the civil war in 2014, it has received limited amounts of donated equipment from some Gulf States, including Saudi Arabia and UAE Houthi forces are armed largely with weapons seized from Yemeni Government forces; they are also reported to have received military hardware from Iran (2022), 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2001; 2-year service obligation (note - limited information since the start of the civil war in 2014) (2021), government forces under the Yemeni Ministry of Defense are responsible for territorial defense, but also have internal security functions; their main focus is on the Houthi rebels and protecting Yemens maritime borders, which are susceptible to smuggling of fighters, arms, and other material support for the Houthis and terrorist groups operating in Yemen, al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in Yemen; they are organized into brigades of armored, border guard, infantry, mechanized, presidential protection, and special forces; the brigades vary significantly in size, structure, and capabilities; the Air Force has small numbers of mostly Soviet-era aircraft while the Navy and Coast Guard have a few patrol boatsin 2015, a Saudi-led coalition of Arab states (UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Morocco, Sudan, Kuwait, Jordan and Egypt) intervened militarily in Yemen in support of the Republic of Yemen Government against the separatist Houthis; Saudi military forces conducted operations in Yemen and raised and equipped paramilitary/militia security forces in Yemen based largely on tribal or regional affiliation to deploy along the Saudi-Yemen border; UAE's participation in 2015 included several thousand ground troops, as well as supporting air and naval forces; UAE withdrew its main military force from Yemen in 2019, but has retained a smaller military presence while working with proxies in southern Yemen, most notably the Southern Transitional Council (STC); UAE has recruited, trained, and equipped tens of thousands of Yemeni fighters and formed them into dozens of militia and paramilitary units Houthi forces are organized into combat, presidential protection, special forces, and tribal/militia/paramilitary brigades and independent battalions; the Houthis also have UAV and missile units, as well as naval forces (mines, missiles, and some boats); Iran has provided military and political support to the Houthis (2023), the International Maritime Bureau reports a significant security risk to vessels transiting off Yemen and the Gulf of Aden due to the civil war in Yemen; vessels have been fired upon and approached, not piracy related; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-003 - Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Bab al Mandeb Strait, Red Sea, and Somali Basin-Threats to Commercial Vessels) effective 23 February 2023, which states in part that "Regional conflict, military activity, and political tensions pose threats to commercial vessels operating in the above listed geographic areas", Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Yemen; al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), Hizballahnote: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T, Yemen-Saudia Arabia: in 2004, Saudi Arabia reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities, including militants and arms; in 2013 and 2015, Saudi Arabia again erected fences, refugees (country of origin): 46,596 (Somalia), 18,460 (Ethiopia) (2023)IDPs: 4.52 million (conflict in Sa'ada Governorate; clashes between al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula and government forces) (2022), total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).